Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Ch 40-45
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epithelial tissue | forms active interfaces on external and internal surfaces |
| connective tissue | binds and supports other tissue |
| countercurrent exchange | reduces heat loss |
| basal metabolic rae | endotherms is higher than the standard metabolic are of ectotehrms |
| torpor | state of decreased activity and metabolism |
| The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is | connective tissue |
| Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has | less surface area per unit of volume |
| An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs | If it is growing and increasing in mass |
| Vitamins are ____ and minerals are ______ | vitamins are organic and minerals are inorganic |
| intracellular digestion | food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and digested within food vacuoles that have fused with lysosomes |
| extracellular digestion | enzymatic hydrolysis occurs outside cells in a gastrovascular cavity (jellyfish) or alimentary canal (worm) |
| what controls synthesis and breakdown of glycogen | insulin and glucagon |
| where are excess calories stored | glycogen in the liver, muscle cells, and fat |
| what hormones regulate appetite | leptin and insulin |
| Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes | add a water molecule to break bonds. |
| The mammalian trachea and esophagus both connect to the | pharynx |
| In which organ does almost all enzymatic digestion of food occur? | small intestine |
| In which digestive system organ does nearly all nutrient absorption occur? | small intestine |
| After surgical removal of the gallbladder, a person might need to limit his or her dietary intake of | fat |
| If you were to jog 1 km a few hours after lunch, which stored fuel would you probably tap? | muscle and liver glycogen |
| the production of gastric juice | 1. Pepsinogen and HCL are introduced into the lumen of the stomach 2. HCL converts pepsinogen to pepsin 3. Pepsin then activates more pepsinogen starting a chain reaction. Pepsin begins the chemical digestion of proteins. |
| what kinds of cells make glucagon and insulin | alpha cells make glucagon and beta cells make insulin |
| flow of air | pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi and bronchioles --> alveoli |
| open circulatory system | hemolymph bathes organs directly |
| flow of blood | heart ventricle --> arteries --> capillaries --> Veins --> atrium --> back to venricle |
| systole vs diastole | contraction vs relaxation |
| heartbeat | starts with impulses at sinoatrial node (pacemaker) --> atrial contraction delayed by av node --> consults along bundle of branches and Purkinje fibers --> ventricular contraction |
| capillaries | narrow diameters and thin walls that facilitate exchange |
| arteries | thick elastic walls that maintain bp |
| veins | one way valves that contribute to the return of blood to the heart |
| lymphatic system | fluid leaks out of capillaries and returns to blood via this system , also defends against infection |
| erthrocytes | red blood cells that transport o2 |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, defense |
| platelets | blood clotting |
| tracheal system | branching networks of tubes that brings o2 directly to cells |
| positive pressure breathing | forces air down trachea |
| negative pressure breathing | pulls air into lungs when rib muscles and diaphragm contract |
| which of the following respiratory systems is independent from a fluid based circulatory system | tracheal system of an insect |
| blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the | left atrium |
| pulse is a direct measure of | heart rate |
| when you hold our breath which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe | rise of CO2 |
| one feature that amphibians and humans have in common is | number of circuits for circulation |
| a molecule of co2 released into the blood in your left toe can be exhaled from your nose without passing though which of the following structures | pulmonary vein |
| compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a | higher PO2 |
| The adaptive immune system has 4 major characteristics | - diversity of lymphocytes and receptors -self tolerance : lack of reactivity against an animals own molecules and cells -B and T cells proliferate after activation -immunological memory |
| Innate Immunity | mediated by physical and chemical barriers as well as cell based defenses |
| phagocytic cells | -ingest pathogens that penetrate barrier defenses -macrophges and dendritic cells |
| inflammatory response | histamine and other chemicals are released at the injury site promoting changes in blood vessels that enhance immune cell access and action |
| Upon infection | -B and T cells specific for the pathogen are activated -some T cells help other lymphocytes and kill infected cells -B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies -B and T memory cells defend against future infections by the same pathogen |
| epitope | small region of an antigen that help B and T cells recognize and bind to the foreign molecule |
| humoral immune response | antibodies help eliminate antigens by facilitating phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis |
| cell mediated immune response | activated cytotoxic t cells trigger destruction of infected cells |
| active immunity | develops in response to infection or immunization |
| What is absent from insect immunity | activation of natural killer cells |
| an epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody | variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined |
| which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) or those of cytotoxic T cells | B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen infected host cells |
| How many antigens does a lymphocyte have receptors for | one |
| Which of the following should be the same in identical twins | MHC molecules produced |
| Vaccination increases the number of | lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen |
| Which of the following is least likely to help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response | producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses |
| osmoregulation | -a process based on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and external environment and on the movement of water -How cells balance water gain and loss |
| Osmoconformers | -isosmotic with marine environment and do not regulate osmolarity |
| Osmoregulators | -control water uptake and loss in hypo osmotic or hyperosmotic environments |
| Anhydrobiosis | dormant state animals that live in temporary waters enter when their habitats dry up |
| Transport epithelia | contain specialized epithelial cells that control the solute movements required for waste disposal and osmoregulation |
| nitrogenous wastes | -aquatic animals = ammonia -mammals/ adult amphibians = urea (less toxic, minimal water loss) -Insects /reptiles = uric acid |
| kidneys | function in excretion and osmoregulation |
| excretory tubules | consist of nephrons and collecting ducts |
| Flow through kidney | -blood pressure forces fluid from blood into glomerulus into lumen of bowmans capsule -Following reabsorption and secretion filtrate flows into collecting duct -ureter conveys urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder |
| countercurrent multiplier system | maintains the gradient of salt concentration in the kidney interior |
| natural selection has shaped the form and function of nephrons | -desert animals --> excrete the most hyper osmotic urine --> long loops of Henle - moist habitats --> shorter loops of hence and excrete more dilute urine |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | -posterior pituitary gland - released when blood osmolarity rises above the normal range (water intake adequate) -increases permeability to water of collecting ducts by increasing the number of epithelial aquaporin channels |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatis | releases renin when blood pressure in afferent arteriole drops --> forms angiotensin II --> constricts arterioles and triggers release or aldosterone --> raises blood pressure, reduces release of renin |
| atrial natriuretic peptide | A peptide hormone secreted by cells of the atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure |
| Unlike an earthworm’s metanephridia, a mammalian nephron | receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. |
| Which process in the nephron is least selective? | Filtration |
| Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production? | marine bony fish |
| The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by which of the following? | Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle |
| In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons? | a mouse living in a desert |
| African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is an advantage of this adaptation? | Small, stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia, which is toxic. |
| Endocrine signals | secreted into extracellular fluid by endocrine cells or ductless glands and reach target ells via circulatory fluids |
| paracrine signals | act on neighboring cells |
| autocrine signals | act on the secreting cell itself |
| neurotransmitters | act locally |
| neurohormones | act throughout the body |
| pheromones | released into the environment for communication between animals of the same species |
| Local regulators | -carry out paracrine and autocrine signaling -Include cytokines, growth factors (polypeptides), prostaglandins (modified fatty acids), nitric oxide (gas) |
| major classes of animal hormones | polypeptides, steroids, amines |
| Hormone Cascade | Stimulus --> hypothalamus --> Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) --> Anterior pituitary --> Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)--> Thyroid gland --> Thyroid hormone --> Response |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | -secreted by the parathyroid glands -causes bone to release Ca2+ into blood and stimulates reabsorption of Ca2+ in kidneys -stimulates kidneys to activate vitamin D |
| Calcitonin | -secreted by thyroid -opposite effect of PTH - Important for calcium homeostasis in some vertebrates (not humans) |
| stress response | -adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine which mediate flight or fight -adrenal cortex releases glucocoriticoids (cortisol) influences metabolism and immune system; also releases mineralocorticoids which reg salt and water balance |
| Sex hormones | - regulate growth, development, reproduction, sexual behavior - gonads serve as major source -androgens, estrogens, progesterone |
| androgen | Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics |
| estrogen | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Progesterone | A steroid hormone that contributes to the menstrual cycle and prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals. |
| pineal gland | -located in brain -secretes melatonin |
| Insect hormones | -molting and development controlled by PTTH, ecdysteroid, and juvenile hormone -coordination of signals form nervous and endocrine systems and modulation of one hormone activity by another bring a sequence of stages that lead to adult form |
| How are hormones regulated | feedback loops (positive or negative) |
| The hypothalamus regulates | reproduction and body temperature |
| growth factors are local regulators that | bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells |
| What does oxytocin do | stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth |
| What do steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common | their requirement for travel though the bloodstream |
| Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal | hypo secretion of TSH |
| The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of | an interaction of the endocrine and nervous system |
| Iodine deficiency in mammals will most likely result in | decreased production of thyroid hormones |
| Ticks are parasites that obtain nutrients by ingesting blood rom a host animal. Ticks would be classified as | substrate feeders |
| In a hydra digestion is completed | intracellularly |
| The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as | absorption |
| what is the importance of the mucus that is released by salivary glands | It contains glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus |
| Nutrient rich blood from the intestine is carried to the liver via which vessel | hepatic portal vein |
| Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that | promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine |
| what converts pepsinogen to its active form in the stomach | HCL |
| Which of the following molecules provides the greatest energy storage for animals | fats |
| A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet will draw on its stores resources in which order | liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, fat |
| Fat digestion yields fatty acids and glycerol. Protein digestion yields amino acids. Both digestive processes | add a water molecule to break bonds |
| First Line of Defense | -Skin/mucus membrane -Non-specific |
| 2nd line of defense | -Inflammatory response -Mast Cells -Histamine --> blood vessels dilate --> blood vessels become leakier --> easier for white blood cells (macrophages) to reach the area |
| Compliment system | works to help specific and non specific immune responses |
| 3rd line of defense | -specific response -adaptive immunity -Cell mediated Response -Humoral Response |
| Cell mediated response | -Cytotoxic T cell --> ability to destroy infected Cells -releases signals that lead to infected cell apoptosis (perforin) |
| Stimulating Cytotoxic T (no macrophage) | Infected cell presents an antigen from the pathogen that infected it on its cell membrane --> Cytotoxic T is activated to bind --> releases signals --> apoptosis |
| Stimulating Cytotoxic T (macrophage) | Macrophage consumes pathogen --> antigen from pathogen transferred to macrophage surface --> Helper T binds --> macrophage releases chem signal --> helper T releases chem signal --> Stimulates the Cytotoxic T |
| Antibodies | Y-shaped proteins that have an antigen binding area. Very specific (can only bind to one type of antigen) |
| Helper T cell | -3rd line of defense -Help activate other blood cells -Part of cell mediated response and humoral response |
| Humoral Response | -macrophage consumes pathogen --> antigen on cell membre surface --> Helper T cell binds --> stimulates B cell |
| B cell | -3rd line of defense -Makes antibodies -Part of humoral response |
| Memory cells | -3rd line of defense -humoral and cell mediated response -Stores memory of pathogens -Memory b cells activate plasma b cells creating antibodies -memory t cells activate cytotoxic t cells which go after infected cells |
| Nephron | -Each kidney has many -Functional unit of kidney -Processes waste products from blood --> urine |
| Glomerulus | -Specialized mass of capillaries surrounded by Bowmans Capsule -Blood pressure forces fluid from Glomerulus into bowmans capsule --> "filtrate" |
| Proximal Tubule | -NaCl moves to interstitial fluid and water follows by osmosis (salt and water reabsorbed) -H+ and ammonium secreted into tubule -importnat for pH regulation |
| Loop of Henle | -Descending and ascending limb |
| Descending loop of Henle | -lots of aquaporins --> water reabsorption --water moves toward hypertonic interstitial fluid -solute concentration inside filtrate continues to increase |
| Ascending loop of Henle | -No aquaporins -Contains proteins that NaCl can travel though for reabsorption -NaCl diffuses out of the thin part (towards bottom of loop) -Thick segment =NaCl continues to exit but by active transport |
| Distal Convoluted Tubule | -H+, ammonium, potassium secreted (enter tubule) -NaCl, water, bicarbonate reabsorbed (exit tubule) -pH regulation |
| Collecting duct | -NaCl reabsorbed and water reabsorbed -water reabsorption controlled by hormones -Some urea reabsorbed by diffusion |
| Flow of excretory system | Glomerulus --> Bowmans Capsule --> Proximal Tubule --> Loop of Henle --> Distal convoluted tubule --> Collecting Duct |
| Hypothalamus | -brain -boss of endocrine system -makes hormones then the posterior pituitary holds onto and secretes them |
| Anterior pituitary | -brain -makes own hormones -growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, gonads make gametes), luteinizing hormone (gonads make androgens), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH adrenal cortex hormones) |
| Posterior Pituitary | -brain -oxytocin (uterine contractions, antidiuretic hormone (ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water) |
| Pineal Gland | -brain -melatonin |
| Thyroid | -neck -T4 and T3 (major roles in metabolic processes) -Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium levels_ |
| Parathyroid | -Neck -Parathyroid Hormone (PTH raises blood calcium level) |
| Thymus | -chest -important site for T cell maturity in juveniles -makes glands that impact immune system function -thymosin - stimulates making of T cells |
| Adrenal Glands | -above kidney -medulla (makes epinephrine and nonepinephrine --flight or fight) -cortex (makes glucocorticoids aka cortisol--raises blood glucose levels, stress, inflammation; mineralocorticoids --reabsorb sodium/excrete potassium) |
| Pancreas | -near stomach -Insulin (tells body to take in glucose) -Glucagon (raises blood glucose levels) |
| signal transduction | The chain of events tha converts the chem signal to an intracellular response |
| Endocrine signaling | hormones secreted into extracellular fluids by endocrine cells reach their targets via the bloodstream |
| Paracrine signaling | local regulators and molecules that act over short distances by diffusion and target cells that lie near the secreting cell |
| Autocrine signaling | local regulators and molecules that act over short distances by diffusion and the target cell is also the secreting cell |
| Synaptic signaling | neuron gets a signal and it produces a response to another cell |
| neuroendocrine signaling | neuron genes to a blood vessel and secretes a substance |
Created by:
bouzianeju