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Drug Classification
Drug Classification Exam I - Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chemical name | the actual chemical makeup of the drug; only one for each drug. |
| Trade name(s) | developed by the manufacturer, protected by copyright, also known as brand or proprietary names. |
| Generic name | also known as the official or nonproprietary name; only one for each drug. |
| Plants | digoxin (foxglove plant) |
| Animals (including humans) | insulin |
| Minerals or mineral products | iron, potassium |
| Synthetic sources | chemical substances |
| Engineered sources (investigational drugs) | insulin, growth hormones |
| Plant Sources | Grouped by physical & chemical properties |
| Alkaloids | organic compounds combined w /acids to make a salt, such as nicotine, morphine sulfate, & atropine sulfate |
| Glycosides | Such as digoxin, made from digitalis, which is derived from the foxglove plant |
| Animal Sources | Substances derived from animal body fluids & glands |
| Enzymes | Such as pancreatin & pepsin |
| Hormones | Such as thyroid hormone & insulin |
| Mineral Sources/ From the earth & soil | Iron, Potassium, Silver, Gold, Sodium chloride (table salt), Coal tar |
| Synthetic Sources | Synthetic or manufactured drugs |
| Living Organisms | Organic substances |
| Non-living materials | Inorganic substances |
| Synthetic Sources Examples | Meperidine (Demerol)- moderate to severe pain, Sulfonamides, Oral contraceptives, Penicillin, Propylthiouracil- management of hypothyroidism & Graves' disease |
| Engineered Sources Examples | Tissue plasminogen activator, Growth hormones, Cancer drugs (Biologic Therapies for Cancer), Drugs used to treat HIV |
| Tablets | Made by compressing powdered drugs & bulk-filling material under high pressure |
| Pills | Made by mixing a powdered drug w/ a liquid & rolling it into a round or oval shape. |
| Plasters | Compositions of liquid & powder that harden when dry |
| Capsules | The drug is contained in an external shell |
| Caplets | Shaped like capsules but in the form of a tablet |
| Gelcaps | Oil-based medications enclosed in soft gelatin capsules |
| Powders | Drugs dried & ground into fine particles |
| Granules | Many small pills encased with gelatin capsules |
| Troches or lozenges | Flattened disks |
| Suppositories | Bullet-shaped dosage forms for insertion into a body orifice |
| Ointments | Greasy medications intended for external application, usually by rubbing |
| Creams | Usually white, non-greasy medications with a water base |
| Gels | Jelly-like substances for topical use |
| Syrups | Contain high concentrations of sugar |
| Solutions | Drugs dissolved in solvents |
| Spirits | Contain alcohol, usually used as solvents |
| Elixirs | Contain water, alcohol, & sugar |
| Tinctures | Alcoholic drug preparations, usually from plant sources |
| Fluidextracts | Alcoholic drug preparations, from ground plants |
| Liniments | Drug mixtures of oil, soap, water, or alcohol, to be applied by rubbing. |
| Emulsions | Combinations of two agents that are not usually combined |
| Mixtures & Suspensions | Agents mixed with liquids but not dissolved |
| Aromatic waters | Distilled water mixed with volatile oils |
| Pharmaceutical gases | Nitrous oxide & Halothane |
| Compressed gases | Oxygen for therapy & Carbon dioxide |
| First-pass Effect | Is absorbed from the gut & delivered to the liver via the portal circulation |
| Sublingual Route | Is where the dosage form is placed under the tongue |
| Buccal Route | Dosage form is placed between gums and inner lining of the cheek |
| Rectal Route | Dosage form through the anus |
| Systemic-Parenteral | Is injection or infusion by means of a needle or catheter inserted into the body |
| Intravenous (IV) | Given directly into a vein |
| Intramuscular (IM) | In injected into the muscle |
| Subcutaneous (SC, SQ) | Injected under the skin |
| Intradermal (ID) | Drug is given within skin layers (dermis) |
| Intra-Arterial | Drug injected directly into an artery to localize its effect to a particular organ/body region |
| Intrathecal (IT) & Epidural | Injections that are given into the spinal column between vertebrae in the back. |
| Ophthalmic | Use for eye drops |
| Otic | Preparations delivered to into the external ear canal |
| Transdermal | Absorption of drug through the skin (systemic action) |
| Inhalation | Drug delivered into the lungs |
| Endotracheal Route | The ET drug is delivered directly into the ET tube |
| Digoxin | Lanoxin; Digitek /Antiarrhythmic |
| Apixaban | Eliquis/ Anticoagulant |
| Dabigatran | Pradaxa/ Anticoagulant |
| Rivaroxaban | Xarelto/ Anticoagulant |
| Warfarin | Coumadin/ Anticoagulant |
| Benazepril | Lotensin/ Antihypertensive (ACE Inhibitor) |
| Lisinopril | Prinivil; Zestril / Antihypertensive (ACE Inhibitor) |
| Ramipril | Altace / Antihypertensive (ACE Inhibitor) |
| Doxazosin | Cardura / Antihypertensive (Alpha Blocker) |
| Irbesartan | Avapro / Antihypertensive (Angiotensic Receptor Blocker) |
| Losartan | Cozaar / Antihypertensive (Angiotensic Receptor Blocker) |
| Olmesartan | Benicar / Antihypertensive (Angiotensic Receptor Blocker) |
| Valsartan | Diovan / Antihypertensive (Angiotensic Receptor Blocker) |
| Atenolol | Tenormin / Antihypertensive (Beta Blocker) |
| Carvedilol | Coreg / Antihypertensive (Beta Blocker) |
| Metoprolol | Troprol-XL; Lopressor / Antihypertensive (Beta Blocker) |
| Propranolol | Inderal / Antihypertensive (Beta Blocker) |
| "pertaining to" | -ac, -al, -eal, and -ic |
| ante- | Before |
| anti- | Against |
| auto- | Self |
| bio- | Life |
| con- | With |
| dys- | Faulty, painful, difficult |
| e- | Out, outside, away |
| ec- | Out, outside, away |
| ecto- | Out, outside, away |
| en- | Inside or in |
| endo- | Inside or in |
| eu- | Normal |
| ex- | Out, outside, away |
| exo- | Out, outside, away |
| extra- | Out, outside, away |
| hyper- | Excessive, above |
| hypo- | Below, deficient |
| in- | Inside or in |
| inter- | Between |
| intra- | Inside or in |
| mal- | Bad, abnormal |
| neo- | New |
| pachy- | Thick |
| peri- | Surrounding, around |
| post- | After, behind |
| pre- | Before |
| pro- | Before |
| sym- | With |
| syn- | With |
| hyper- | More, excessive, increased |
| hypo- | Less, deficient |
| infra- | Less than |
| meta- | Change |
| sub- | Less than |
| super- | Excessive, more |
| supra- | Excessive, outside |
| ultra- | Excessive |
| Amlodipine | Norvasc / Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker) |
| Diltiazem | Cardizem / Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker) |
| Nifedipine | Adalat CC; Procardia / Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker) |
| Verapamil | Verelan / Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker) |
| Amlodipine; Benazepril | Lotrel / Antihypertensive (Calcium Channel Blocker/ ACE Inhibitor) |
| Prazosin | Minipress / Antihypertensive (Peripheral Acting Agent) |
| Clonidine | Catapres; Kapvay / Antihypertensive/ ADHD Agent |
| Guanfacine | Intuniv / Antihypertensive ADHD Agent |
| Clopidogrel | Plavix / Antiplatelet Agent |
| Ezetimibe | Zetia / Cholesterol-lowering agent |
| Fenofibrate | Tricor / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Fibric Acid Derivative) |
| Gemfibrozil | Lopid / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Fibric Acid Derivative) |
| Example of a patient-induced medication error | Taking the prescription at various times of day, inconsistent with the directions |
| Warning label for tetracycline to avoid a drug-food interaction | Do not take with dairy |
| Not result into a positive drug-food potentiation reaction | Warfarin & aspirin |
| Help reduce med errors due to illegible handwriting | Allow for electronic prescriptions to be filled at your pharmacy |
| Adding a non-prescribed drug to a patient's medical history is an example of a(n)_____. | Error of commission |
| Additive effects may occur when two drugs are contraindicated. | False |
| Which of the following would be an error of omission? | Forgetting to place a penicillin allergy alert in the patient's profile |
| Dispensing Zyrtec instead of Zantac would be an example of a(n) | miscommunication error |
| Confusing abbreviations can cause serious medication errors. | True |
| Which of the following sigs is properly written using approved The Joint Commission (TJC) abbreviations? | 50 mg twice daily |
| What is the pharmacy tech's primary role in helping reduce drug-food and drug-drug interactions? | Affix the appropriate warning labels on each prescription filled |
| Which of the following is not a way to avoid drug interactions? | Do not worry about asking patients about over-the-counter medicines they are taking |
| Drug interactions may increase or decrease drug side effects | True |
| Warfarin & aspirin shouldn't be taken together because ______. | Together they produce an increased effect than when taken alone |
| To help reduce drug-disease contraindications for the patients who come to your pharmacy, you decide that you will implement a _________. | Policy that requires every patient's medical history be updated routinely |
| Drug interactions may influence the elimination of drugs. | True |
| Which of the following equations best describes antagonism? | 1+1=0 |
| A prescriber has written for mc011-1. What quantity should be dispensed? | 10 mL |
| Administration of two drugs that produce similar effects and side effects is ______. | Therapeutic duplication |
| Which auxiliary label should be placed on a prescription for cimetidine to allow for increased absorption? | Do not take with antacids |
| Having knowledge about intravenous (IV) drug incompatibilities is not necessary for pharmacy technicians. | False |
| Putting the wrong patient's name on the prescription label would be an example of a(n)_______. | Improper labeling error |
| Concurrent administration of two drugs enhances that effects produced by the individual drugs is ________. | Additive effects |
| Atorvastatin | Lipitor / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Statin) |
| Lovastatin | Mevacor / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Statin) |
| Pravastatin | Pravachol / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Statin) |
| Rosuvastatin | Crestor / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Statin) |
| Simvastatin | Zocor / Cholesterol-lowering agent (Statin) |
| Lisinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide | Zestoretic / Combination Antihypertensive (ACE Inhibitor/Diuretic) |
| Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide | Hyzaar / Combination Antihypertensive (ARB/Diuretic) |
| Sacubitril/Valsartan | Entresto / Neprilysin inhibitor / angiotensin receptor blocker |
| Isosorbide dinitrate | Isordil / Nitrate |
| Nitroglycerin | Nitro-Stat / Nitrate |
| Hydralazine | Apresoline / Peripheral Vasodilator |
| Adalimumab | Humira / Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Alpha Inhibitors- Integumentary |
| Clobetasol | Clobex, Temovate / Corticosteroid- Integumentary |
| Etanercept | Enbrel / Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)- Alpha Inhibitors- Integumentary |
| Hydrocortisone | Cortef; Cortizone / Corticosteroid- Integumentary |
| What is a medication error by definition? | A medication error is "any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. |
| In the hospital setting, which of the following is used as a second identifier to prevent mix-ups? | MRN - medical record number |
| Which of the following are good rules of thumb for Pharmacy Technicians? (Choose all that apply) | Unclear prescriptions & medication orders should always be clarified & Question any dose that requires more than three or four dosing units |
| Medication errors are always the fault of individuals who or negligent, incompetent, or unintelligent. | False |
| Besides sound-alike, look-alike drug names, which of the following is thought to be an additional source of confusion. (Choose all that apply) | Drug name suffixes & Different salt forms of drugs |
| Inhalation | 2-3 minutes |
| Ingestion | 30-90 minutes |
| Intravenous | 30-60 seconds |
| Rectal | 5-30 minutes |
| Sublingual | 3-5 minutes |
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