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A&P 1
(4) Spinal cord and PNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 3 functions of the spinal cord | 1. transporting sensory impulses to brain 2. transporting motor impulses from brain to muscles or glands 3. being a reflex center |
| where does the spinal cord begin | between foramen magnum and atlas |
| where does spinal cord terminate | as conus medullaris at L2 vertebra |
| cervical and lumbar enlargements are... | thickened regions of the cord where large number of axons enter from and exit to the appendages |
| the cauda equina (horses tail)... | hangs down below end of cord to reach intervertebral foramina between lower lumbar and sacral vertebrae |
| what are the spinal meninges | epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater |
| where is the epidural space and what is it filled with | between wall of vertebral foramen and dura mater, filled with adipose and blood vessels |
| what is the dura mater spinal meninge | ends as a blind sac at the 2nd sacral vertebra |
| what is the subdural space | filled with serous fluid secreted by arachnoid mater |
| what is the arachnoid mater spinal meninge | similar in tissue to a serous membrane, extends to the 2nd sacral vertebra |
| the subarachnoid space is filled with... | CSF |
| true or false: the pia mater is in direct contact with spinal cord | true |
| what does the pia mater spinal meninge form | filum terminale |
| what is the filum terminale and what does it do | pia mater that extends off end of spinal cord, anchors spinal cord to coccyx |
| inside of spinal cord is ___ matter and outside of spinal cord is ___ matter | grey, white |
| grey matter of spinal cord consists of cell bodies that form the shape of the letter | H |
| true or false: horns are grey matter | true |
| anterior (ventral horns) contain cell bodies of... | motor neurons that supply to skeletal muscle (lower motor neurons) |
| posterior (dorsal) horns contain cell bodies of... | sensory neurons (2nd order sensory neurons) |
| lateral horns contain cell bodies of... | preganglionic neurons of the ANS |
| what is the gray commissure | connects lateral halves of grey matter with a central canal down the center carrying CSF from 4th ventricle |
| spino____ = | sensory, ascending |
| ____spinal = | motor, descending |
| white matter is organized into | columns or funiculi |
| posterior funiculus (dorsal column) | ascending tract that consist of axons belonging to first order sensory neurons |
| what does the posterior funiculus carry impulses for | sensations of proprioception (joint and muscle movement), light touch, and pressure to medulla oblongata |
| lateral funiculi consists of... | ascending sensory and descending motor tracts |
| what are the sensory tracts of the lateral funiculi | lateral spinothalamic tract, anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
| the lateral spinothalamic tract carries axons of... | 2nd order sensory neurons conducting impulses for pain and temperature to thalamus |
| the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts carry axons of... | 2nd sensory neurons conducting impulses for proprioception to cerebellum |
| what are the motor tracts of the lateral funiculi | lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract |
| lateral corticospinal tract carries axons of... | upper motor neurons from primary motor cortex to appropriate level in spinal cord where they synapse in an anterior horn with lower motor neurons |
| rubrospinal tract carries impulses generate by... | cerebellum from red nucleus in midbrain to appropriate level in spinal cord |
| true or false: motor tracts of the lateral funiculi help to influence movement and tone of skeletal muscles | true |
| sensory tract of the anterior funiculus | anterior spinothalamic tract |
| motor tracts of the anterior funiculus | anterior corticospinal tract, anterior vestibulospinal tract, tectospinal tract, reticulospinal tract |
| anterior spinothalamic tract conducts impulses for... | crude touch and pressure |
| anterior vestibulospinal tract carries impulses that... | originate in inner are and affect balance |
| tectospinal tract | integrates visual and auditory refluxes involving the corpora quadrigemina |
| true or false: tectospinal tract conducts impulses that result in movement of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli | true |
| reticulospinal tract carries impulses from... | the reticular formation that synapse on lower motor neurons to influence skeletal muscle |
| nerve: each axon wrapped by a layer of loose CT called the | endoneurium |
| nerve: each axon grouped together as a ____, and is surrounded by another layer of CT called the ____ | fascicle, perineurium |
| each nerve wrapped in final layer of CT called the | epineurium |
| classification of nerves | sensory: toward CNS motor: away from CNS mixed nerves: contain both motor and sensory so impulses travel in both directions, cranial nerves spinal nerves |
| true or false: most nerves are mixed | true |
| how many pairs of cranial nerves | 12 |
| what are the 3 pairs of sensory nerves | optic, olfactory, vestibulocochlear |
| true or false: cranial nerves supply special senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell) | true |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| spinal nerves attached to spine via | nerve roots (dorsal and ventral) |
| dorsal root | only contains 1st order sensory neurons, has a dorsal root ganglia (cluster o cell bodies outside the CNS) |
| ventral root | only axons of motor neurons |
| true or false: the nerve is a fusion of dorsal and ventral roots so spinal nerves are all mixed | true |
| true or false: spinal nerves enclosed for short distanced by meninges | true |
| how do spinal nerves exit spinal column | via the intervertebral foramina |
| what are the branches/rami that spinal nerves generate | meningeal branch, white ramus, gray ramus, dorsal branch, ventral branch |
| meningeal branch | supplies meninges and blood vessels to spinal cord and vertebra |
| white ramus | - associated with thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves - axons of preganglionic neurons that belong to sympathetic division of the ANS |
| gray ramus | - associated with all nerves - axons of postganglionic neurons that belong to sympathetic division that are entering spinal cord |
| white ramus and gray ramus conduct axons of the | sympathetic nervous system |
| dorsal branch | supplies skin and muscles of back |
| ventral branch | supplies skin and muscles of sides and front of torso and appendages |
| ventral branch becomes | intercostal nerves in thoracic region to supply skin and skeletal muscles of sides and front of trunk (travel between ribs) |
| above and below the thoracic region, the ventral branches form the... | 4 nerve plexuses (interlacing nerve netweorks) |
| what are the 4 nerve plexuses | cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus |
| cervical plexus | - supplies deep muscles of neck and muscles of shoulder - supplies skin over upper body - generated the phrenic nerve: supplies diaphragm |
| brachial plexus | provides entire nerve supply to skin and muscles of upper extremities |
| lumbar and sacra plexus | provide nerve supply to skin and muscles of lower extremities |
| what are dermatomes | belt like regions of skin supplied by a given spinal nerve |
| is there overlap between regions spinal nerves supply and dermatomes | yes |
| what would happen is given spinal nerve of a dermatome was damages | few dermatomes would lose all sensation |
Created by:
katiew0