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Skeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bones - oss/e, oss/i, oste/o. ost/o | Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store calcium. |
| Bone Marrow - myel/o (also means spinal cord) | Red bone marrow helps form red blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat. |
| cartilage - chondr/o | Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones. |
| Joints - arthr/o | Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible. |
| ligaments - ligament/o | Connect one bone to another. |
| synovial membrane - synovi/o synov/o | Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid. |
| synovial fluid - synovi/o snov/o | Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible. |
| bursa - burs/o | Cushions areas subject to friction during movement. |
| ankyl/o | Crooked, bent, stiff. |
| arthr/o | Joint. |
| chondr/i, chondr/o | Cartilage |
| cost/o | Rib |
| crani/o | Skull. |
| -desis | To bind or tie together. |
| kyph/o | Bent or hump. |
| lord/o | Curve, swayback bent. |
| -lysis | Setting free or loosening. |
| myel/o | Bone marrow, spinal cord. |
| oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o | bone |
| scoli/o | Curved or bent. |
| spondyl/o | Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone. |
| synovi/o, synov/o | The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint; commonly known as the hip socket. |
| allogenic | Originating within another. |
| ankylosing spondylitis | A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae. |
| arthrodesis | The surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint. |
| arthrolysis | The surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint. |
| arthroscopy | The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint. |
| autologous | Originating within the individual. |
| avascular necrosis | An area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow. |
| chondromalacia | The abnormal softening of cartilage. |
| comminuted fracture | A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. |
| compression fracture | Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself. |
| costochondritis | An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum. |
| craniostenosis | A malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. |
| crepitation | The grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. |
| dual x-ray absorptiometry | A low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips that measures bone density. |
| gout | A type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. |
| hallux valgus | An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe; also known as a bunion. |
| hemarthrosis | Blood within a joint. |
| hemopoietic | Pertaining to the formation of blood cells. |
| internal fixation | A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. |
| juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | An autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. |
| kyphosis | An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side; also known as humpback or dowager's hump. |
| laminectomy | The surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra. |
| lordosis | An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback. |
| lumbago | Pain in the lumbar region of the spine; also known as low back pain. |
| malleolus | The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint. |
| manubrium | The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum. |
| metacarpals | The five bones that form the palms of the hand. |
| metatarsals | The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached. |
| myeloma | A type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow. |
| open fracture | A break in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin; also known as a compound fracture. |
| orthopedic surgeon | A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; also known as an orthopedist. |
| orthotic | A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function. |
| osteitis | Inflammation of a bone. |
| osteoarthritis | The type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging; also known as wear-and-tear arthritis. |
| osteochondroma | A benign bony projection covered with cartilage. |
| osteoclasis | The surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity. |
| osteomalacia | Abnormal softening of bones in adults. |
| osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. |
| osteopenia | Thinner-than-average bone density. |
| osteoporosis | A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging. |
| osteoporotic hip fracture | A broken bone usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall. |
| osteorrhaphy | Surgical suturing or wiring together of bones. |
| Paget’s disease | A disease of unknown origin that is characterized by extensive breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation. |
| pathologic fracture | When a bone breaks under normal strain because the bone has been weakened by osteoporosis or by a disease process such as cancer. |
| percutaneous vertebroplasty | A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures of the spine. |
| periostitis | An inflammation of the periosteum. |
| podiatrist | A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot. |
| polymyalgia rheumatica | An inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs. |
| prosthesis | A substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked. |
| rickets | A deficiency disease occurring in children characterized by defective bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D. |
| scoliosis | An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. |
| spina bifida | A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. |
| spiral fracture | A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. |
| spondylolisthesis | The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it. |
| spondylosis | A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function; also known as spinal osteoarthritis. |
| subluxation | The partial displacement of a bone from its joint. |
| synovectomy | The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint. |
| vertebrae | The bony structural units of the spinal column. |
| ossification | A newborn’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone |
| osteoblasts | help rebuild the bone. |
| Periosteum | he tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone |
| Compact bone | also known as cortical bone, is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones. When measured by weight, compact bone accounts for more than 75% of the body’s bone matter. |
| Spongy bone | also known as cancellous bone, is porous (“sponge-like”), which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone. |
| medullary cavity | the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored. Medullary means pertaining to the inner section. |
| endosteum | the tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| Red bone marrow | located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. |
| Hemopoietic | pertaining to the formation of blood cells |
| Yellow bone marrow | functions as a fat storage area. It is composed of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones. Most bone marrow is red from birth through early adolescence, after which about half of it is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow. |
| Cartilage | the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Cartilage, which is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose. |
| Articular cartilage | covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other |
| meniscus | curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw |
| diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone |
| foramen | is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass |
| process | a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon |
| epiphyses | the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs (singular epiphysis). Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it |
| proximal epiphysis | the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body. |
| distal epiphysis | the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body. |
| Joints | also known as articulations, are the place of union between two or more bones. Joints are classified either according to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow. |
| Fibrous joints | Fibrous joints |
| fontanelles | also known as the soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn. Flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull. As the child matures, they gradually harden. |
| Cartilaginous joints | allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. |
| pubic symphysis | allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis as shown in |
| synovial joint | created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. As used here, the term articulate means to come together. |
| Ball-and-socket joints | such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions |
| Hinge joints | such as the knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane |
| synovial capsule | the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint. |
| Ligaments | bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage |
| bursa | a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone (plural, bursae). |
| axial skeleton | protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. In the human, the axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones of the head and body that are organized into five parts. |
| Appendicular Skeleton | makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. In the human, the appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones |
| appendage | anything that is attached to a major part of the body and the term appendicular means referring to an appendage |
| extremity | the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg. |
| the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg. | also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms. |
| true ribs | first seven pairs of ribs - attach anteriorly to the sternum |
| false ribs | attach anteriorly to the cartilage that connects them to the sternum |
| floating ribs | last two pairs of ribs - only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae |
| sternum | also known as the breast bone, is a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage |
| manubrium | the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum. |
| body of the sternum | also known as the gladiolus, is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum. Xiphoid comes from the Greek word for a straight sword. |
| clavicle | also known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula. |
| scapula | is also known as the shoulder blade |
| acromion | an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder. |
| humerus | the bone of the upper arm (plural, humeri). |
| radius | the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. The radius runs up the thumb side of the forearm |
| ulna | the larger and longer bone of the forearm (plural, ulnae). The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint. |
| olecranon process | commonly known as the funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck. |
| spinal column | also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. |
| lamina | The posterior portion of a vertebra |
| vertebral foramen | the opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord. |
| Intervertebral disks | made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. They also act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column |
| cervical vertebrae | the first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck. The term cervical means pertaining to the neck, and these vertebrae are also known as C1 through C7. |
| thoracic vertebrae | known as T1 through T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae. Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine. Thoracic means pertaining to the thoracic cavity. |
| lumbar vertebrae | known as L1 through L5, make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body’s weight. |
| Lumbar | relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis. |
| sacrum | the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones; however, in the young child, they fuse together to form a single bone. |
| coccyx | also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together. |
| pelvis | protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. In addition to the sacrum and coccyx, it includes the pelvic girdle, a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis |
| ilium | the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone. |
| sacroiliac | the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium |
| ischium | forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting. |
| pubis | forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder |
| pubic symphysis | the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones. A cartilaginous joint allows slight movement between bones. |
| acetabulum | also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip join |
| femurs | the largest bones in the body |
| patella | also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee. |
| popliteal | describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located |
| cruciate ligaments | make possible the movements of the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross. |
| tibia | also known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. |
| fibula | the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg. |
| chiropractor | holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine. Manipulative treatment involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones. |
| orthopedic surgeon | also known as an orthopedist, is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles. |
| osteopath | holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation |
| podiatrist | holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot |
| rheumatologist | a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues. |
| Ankylosis | the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure |
| Adhesive capsulitis | also known as frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the shoulder. It is caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter. |
| Arthrosclerosis | is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly |
| Bursitis | an inflammation of a bursa |
| Chondromalacia | the abnormal softening of cartilage |
| Costochondritis | an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum |
| Hallux valgus | also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe |
| Hemarthrosis | blood within a joint. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | is an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs |
| Sprain | occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn |
| Synovitis | inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint |
| Dislocation | the total displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Subluxation | the partial displacement of a bone from its joint. |
| Arthritis | an inflammatory condition of one or more joints |
| Osteoarthritis | also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging |
| OA | known as a degenerative joint disease because it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints. |
| osteophytes | also known as bone spurs |
| Spondylosis | also known as spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function |
| Gout | also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints affected by gout are typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | commonly known as RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked |
| Ankylosing spondylitis | a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae |
| Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis | an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with JRA outgrow it. |
| herniated disk | also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots |
| Lumbago | also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine |
| Spondylolisthesis | the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it |
| Spina bifida | a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Some cases of spina bifida are due to a lack of the nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy. |
| radiograph | also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities |
| Arthroscopy | the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope. |
| bone marrow biopsy | a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test. |
| Bone marrow aspiration | the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. This procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints. It is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone. |
| Bone density testing | used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget’s disease. |
| Ultrasonic bone density testing | a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. |
| Dual x-ray absorptiometry | (DXA) is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing. |
| bone marrow transplant | (BMT) is used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow. |
| allogenic bone marrow transplant | uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling. However, unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient’s body will reject the transplant. |
| autologous bone marrow transplant | the patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is destroyed |
| orthotic | a mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function. |
| prosthesis | a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated |
| Arthrodesis | also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder |
| Arthrolysis | the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint |
| Arthroscopic surgery | a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. For example, torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions |
| Chondroplasty | the surgical repair of damaged cartilage |
| synovectomy | the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint |
| percutaneous diskectomy | performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser. |
| Percutaneous vertebroplasty | performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures |
| laminectomy | the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra |
| Spinal fusion | a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae |
| craniectomy | the surgical removal of a portion of the skull |
| craniotomy | a surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| cranioplasty | the surgical repair of the skull |
| Osteoclasis | the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity |
| ostectomy | the surgical removal of bone |
| Osteorrhaphy | the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones |
| Osteotomy | the surgical cutting of a bone |
| periosteotomy | an incision through the periosteum to the bone |
| Closed reduction | also known as manipulation, realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and is immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing. |
| Immobilization | also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast. |
| Traction | a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment. |
| External fixation | a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed |
| Internal fixation | also known as open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed |
| BDT | Bone density testing |
| CR | closed reduction |
| Fx | fracture |
| OA | osteoarthritis |
| OP | osteoporosis |
| PKR | patrial knee replacement |
| PMR | polymyalgia rheumatica |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| THA | total hip arthroplasty |
| TKA | total knee arthroplasty |
| BMT | bone marrow transplant |
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