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Microbio lec #2+Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are chemical requirements to grow bacteria | CHNOPS, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur and trace elements and growth factors |
| cryophiles are located where | ocean depths, polar regions |
| psychotrophs are found where | refrigerators |
| mesophiles are found where | human body, usually pathogens, common in spoilage and disease organisms |
| thermophiles are located where | hot springs, compost piles, endospores are examples of organisms that can live in this temp |
| hyperthermophiles are found where | volcanic hot springs, deep sea hydrothermal vents |
| what are obligate aerobes, and where in a tube are they? | ABSOLUTELY need oxygen, surface of agar where more O2 is present |
| what are obligate anaerobes, and where in a tube are they? | CAN'T use oxygen, cluster at bottom |
| what are faculative anaerobes, and where in a tube are they? | can use oxygen, so found throughout tube, but clustered more at top, since O2 creates most ATP |
| what are aerotolerant anaerobes, and where in a tube are they? | can survive where there's O2, but can't use it :/ they're just all over the tube, not anywhere specific |
| what are microaerophiles, and where in a tube are they? | middle, where it's not too much not too little O2 |
| 4 bacterial growth phases | lag, log, stationary, death |
| what is the lag phase | no increase in population but increased activity |
| what is the log phase | logarithmic/exponential growth in population |
| what is the stationary phase | equilibrium, deaths equal production of new cells |
| what is the death phase | population decreases at a logarithmic rate |
| optimal number of colonies | 25-300 |
| How is ATP related to ADP? | ATP is ADP with energy + a phosphate group added |
| what are carbohydrates composed of? | they're a sugar with a 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen ratio (CHO, 1:2:1) |
| what is glycolysis and what processes is it used in? | converting glucose to pyruvic acid, used in fermentation and respiration |
| what is gluconeogenesis? | building glucose from pyruvic acid |
| what does the krebs cycle use and do? | can't use pyruvic acid so it's broken into acetyl-CoA to build: NAD, FADH2 and provide electrons for electron transport chain |
| what is the bridge step and when is it used? | it's how pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA since it can't be used in krebs cycle (right after glycolysis) |
| where does electron transport chain take place? | periplasmic space between outer and inner membrane |
| what makes ATP? | ATP synthase, driven by the protons trying to get back into the cells because of the gradient! |
| Can ATP synthesis work in reverse? | yes! ATP can be used to pump protons back into cell membrane |
| what is oxidative phosphorylation? | NADH and FADH2 build a protein gradient in electron transport chain |
| what is fermentation? | anaerobic, so 1 glucose makes 2 ATP, the energy remains in the products like lactic acid instead of being readily available |
| How many ATP in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes | 38 in prokaryotes, 36 in eukaryotes per glucose molecule |
| what does phosphorylation mean? | adding a phosphate to a molecule |
| what is an oxidative-redox reaction? | the oxidized one loses electons, o, loses. the reduced one gains an electron |
| what is thermal death point? | lowest temp it takes to kill all in 10 minutes (lowest POINT in 10 minutes) |
| what is thermal death time? | minimum time to kill all in liquid at specific temp? (time at temp) |
| what is decimal reduction time? | how long it takes to kill 90% at a given time |
| what is moist heat? | autoclave |
| what is dry heat? | flaming |
| what is pasteurization? | sanitizing through high temp short time (HTST) or through UHT (ultra high temp) |
| what is snap freezing? | add them to glycol that's pre-chilled to preserve, slowly freezing and thawing KILLS |
| physical methods to kill bacteria (6) | slow freeze, high pressure, raise temp to denature proteins, radiation, dessication, affecting osmotic pressure |
| what's ionizing radiation? | x-rays to form oxygen radicals to damage DNA |
| what's non-ionizing radiation? | UV lights to cause thymine-dimers, thymine bonds to each other=mutations |
| what is dessication? | removing liquids, drying them out, some may form spores |
| how to affect osmotic pressure? | add salt or sugar to pull water, so cytoplasm from cell wall affecting cell division and metabolism |
| chemical agents that can affect bacteria (7) | phenols, halogens, chlorine, alcohols, heavy metals, surfactants, quaternary ammonium compounds |
| what is disk diffusion method? | where you put antibiotic disks on agar plate with bacteria to determine how effective the treatment is |
| what could we target to affect microbial growth? | plasma membrane, proteins and DNA |
| what does sterile refer to? | fully kills everything |
| what is a disinfectant? | destroy harmful microorganisms on non-living surfaces |
| what is an antiseptic? | destroy harmful microorganisms on living tissue |
| what is a sanitizer? | lower microbial count to safe levels, may use disinfectants |
| what is bacteriocidal? | kills bacteria |
| what is bacteriostatic? | prevents growth, like snap freezing |
| what is sepsis? | pathogens in blood or tissue |
| what is aseptic? | LACK of infection |
| what is antiseptic? | things that fight off infection |
| factors in effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment (4) | time of exposure, characteristics (like gram +, -), number of microbes, environmental factors (biofilms) |
| how does the lac operon work? | lactose binds to repressor, allowing lactose transcription to occur! |
| how does the trp operon work? | if too much, tryptophan binds, activating a repressor, turning it off |
| what is direct measure? | count colonies, filter on graph plate or slide |
| what is indirect measure? | measure metabolic activity, observe turbidity (cloudiness) |
| what do antibiotics target? | they target the plasma membrane, proteins, ribosomes or DNA |
| what are coliforms? | like E. coli, ferment lactose and product acid and gas |
| what are non-coliforms? | can't ferment lactose, or only produce acid or gas, not both |
| what is transduction? | transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriophage |
| what is transformation? | transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in solution |
| Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance from: | mutation, transformation, conjugation, insertion of transposons |
| what are transposons? | "jumping genes" DNA sequences that can move locations within a genome |
| what is binary fission? | asexual reproduction of bacteria, dividing into 2 identical cells |
| selective media | inhibit some organisms, allow the growth of others |
| differential media | distinguish ebtween microorganisms, changes in color |
| defined media | specific chemicals at known concentrations |
| complex media | beef, yeast extracts |
| food preserved with sugar vs salt | jams, beef jerky |
| objective lens | scanning (4x), low power (10x), high power (40x), oil (100x) |
| negative dyes have what charge? | negative charge, repels against slight negative charge in cell membrane, dyeing the background only! |
| basic dyes have what charge? | positive ions, attract to slight negative charge in cell membrane |
| dyes in acid-fast staining | acid fuchsin dye, acid alcohol, methylene blue |
| dyes in simple staining | methylene blue, iodine (mordant) |
| dyes in negative staining | nigrosine dye |
| which are more affected by antibiotics? | gram positive cells, because antibiotics target the peptidoglycan layer |
| what is the fluid mosaic model? | structure of plasma membrane as a mosaic of components - proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol |
| what's a gram negative cell membrane composed of? | pink, lipoprotein layer, thin peptidoglycan layer, produces fever when LPS is broken down (lipopolysachharides) |
| 4 bacteria flagella arrangements: | monotrichous + polar, ampitrichous + polar (ambidextrous), lophotrichous + polar, peritrichous |
Created by:
AKDakd