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Biology (P1 & P2)
Key Concepts in Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What things do Eukaryotic Plant and Animal Cells Have? (3) | Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm & Nucleus with DNA |
| What things do Prokaryotic Bacterial Cells Have? (5) | Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Chromosomal DNA and plasmids |
| What is the function of the Nucleus? (2) | Controls the cell and contains the DNA |
| What is the function of the Cytoplasm? | Liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur |
| What is the function of the Cell Membrane? | Controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
| What is the function of the Mitochondria? | Releases energy in aerobic respiration |
| What is the function of the Ribosomes? | Where protein synthesis occurs |
| What is the function of the Chloroplasts? | Where photosynthesis occurs. |
| What is the function of the Vacuole? (2) | Contains cell sap and improves cell's rigidity |
| What is the function of the Cell Wall? | Provides strength to the cell |
| What is the function of Chromosomal DNA (circular)? | As bacterial cells have no nucleus, this floats in the cytoplasm |
| What is the function of Plasmids? | Small rings of DNA (code for extra genes) |
| What is the function of the Flagella? | Long tail that allows the bacteria to move |
| Give 4 adaptations to the sperm cell. | Long tail, lots of mitochondria, acrosome with digestive enzymes and haploid nucleus |
| Give 3 adaptations to the egg cell. | Surrounded by special membrane which can only accept 1 sperm cell, haploid nucleus and lots of mitochondria |
| Give an adaptation to a cilliated epithelial cell. | Cilia waft bacteria (trapped by mucus) down to the stomach |
| How are root hair cells specialised? | Large surface area for water absorption and lots of mitochondria for active transport |
| What are Xylem cells specialised for? | Transport water and mineral ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots |
| How are Xylem cells specialised? | Chemical called lignin is deposited, causes cells to die, they become hollow and are joined end-to-end |
| What are Phloem cells specialised for? | Carry the products of photosynthesis to all parts of the plants |
| How are Phloem cells specialised? | Cell walls of each cell form sieve plates after breaking down, allowing substance movement from cell to cell |
| Give 3 features of a light microscope. | 2 lenses, illuminated underneath & magnification of around x1500 |
| Why are electron microscopes higher resolution? | The wavelength of electrons is much smaller compared to light waves |
| What is the magnification of an electron microscope? | x2,000,000 |
| Why is the electron microscope convinient? | Helps see organelles much more clearly |
| Equation for magnification on light microscope? | Eyepiece lens x objective lens |
| Order from largest to smallest the measurements of a cell. (4) | Cm, Mm, Um, Nm |
| What are the 4 steps to use a light microscope? | Place slide on stage and look through eyepiece, Turn focus wheel to obtain a clear image, start with lowest objective lens magnification, increase objective lens magnification and refocus |
| What are the 4 steps to prepare a slide in a practical? | Take thin layer of cells, add small amount of correct chemical stain, apply cells to glass slide, lower a coverslip on to slide |
| 2 features of enzymes. | The substrate binds to the active site, they can break up large molecules and join small ones |
| What happens when an enzyme over exceeds the optimum temperature? | Rate of reaction rapidly decreases and bonds break down, active site shape also changes and causes it to be denatured |
| What is the saturation point? | Fastest point of enzyme-substrate complex when the substrate concentration increases |
| What is the formula for Rate? | Change/Time |
| If 5g of protein was added to protease solution and it took 30 mins, what would the rate be? | 5g/30mins or 10g/1 hour |
| Why do carbohydrases do? | Convert carbohydrates into simple sugars (amylase into maltose) |
| What do proteases do? | Break proteins into amino acids |
| What do lipases do? | Breaks lipids in to fatty acids and glycerol |
| What is diffusion? | Movement from area of high conc to low conc (does not require energy) |
| What is osmosis? | Occurs in water and its movement from dilute solution to more concentrated solution across a selectively permeable membrane |
| What is Active Transport? | Requires energy and moves molecules from an area of low con to high conc |
| What are the 6 steps for osmosis in potatoes? | Cut potato into small disks of equal size, blot potato gently with tissue paper, measure initial mass of each disk, place disks in sucrose solutions of different concs, blot with tissue paper again, find mass difference and calculate percentage. |
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