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Chapter 30 LT
Biodiversity Spring 2026- Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nonvascular plants: sporophyte vs gametophyte generation, female/male gametophyte, fertilization requirements | Sporophyte is small and dependent on gametophyte Gametophyte generation is dominant Sperm are flagellated and require water Embryo develops in archegonium |
| What is another name for nonvascular plants? | Bryophytes |
| Seedless Vascular Plants: sporophyte vs gametophyte generation, female/male gametophyte, fertilization requirements | Sporophyte dominant Gametophyte is smaller but still free-living Sperm still require water |
| Examples of seedless vascular plants | Lycophytes, monilophytes |
| Seed plants: sporophyte vs gametophyte generation, female/male gametophyte, fertilization requirements | Sporophyte highly dominant Gametophytes are microscopic and highly reduced Male gametophyte = pollen Female gametophyte retained in ovule No water required for fertilization |
| What is the trend between nonvascular, vascular, and seed plants around evolution? | Evolution shifts from gametophyte dominance → sporophyte dominance with increasing protection and reduction of gametophytes |
| Pollen adaptations for arid environment | Encloses male gametophyte Transported by wind or animals Eliminates need for free water for fertilization |
| Seed adaptations for arid environment. What is the result? | Contain embryo + food supply Protective coat prevents desiccation Can remain dormant until favorable conditions Allow dispersal into diverse terrestrial habitats Seed plants can reproduce without standing water |
| What adaptions lead to angiosperm success: flower innovations? | Specialized reproductive structures Enhance efficient pollination Attract specific pollinators (color, scent, nectar) |
| What adaptions lead to angiosperm success: fruits innovations? | Develop from ovary walls Protect seeds Enhance dispersal |
| What adaptions lead to angiosperm success: endosperm innovations? | Nutritive tissue Efficient food storage for embryo |
| What adaptions lead to angiosperm success: double ferilization innovations? | Produces embryo + endosperm Increases reproductive efficiency |
| Where did traits adapt that lead to angiosperm success? What did they increase? | Fruit, flowers, endosperm, double fertilization Increased fertilization success and dispersal efficiency |
| What is coevolution? | Two species influence each other's evolution |
| What is the coevolution between angiosperms and pollinators? | Flowers evolve colors, shapes, nectar Pollinators evolve traits for accessing nectar High fidelity = precise pollen transfer |
| What is the coevolution between angiosperms and fruit eaters? | Fruits become sweet, colorful when ripe Animals disperse seeds after consumption |
| What is the coevolution between seed Plants and herbivores? What did animals do in response? | Plants evolve secondary metabolites (defense chemicals) Alkaloids (nicotine, caffeine) Terpenoids Phenolics Animals evolve detoxification strategies. |
| What are the dispersal mechanisms of nonvascular plants? | Spores dispersed by wind Require water for fertilization |
| What are the dispersal mechanisms of vascular plants? | Wind-dispersed spores Water required for sperm |
| What are the dispersal mechanisms of gymnosperms? | “Naked seeds” (not enclosed in fruit) Wind-dispersed pollen Winged seeds (wind dispersal) Some fleshy seed coatings attract birds |
| What are the dispersal mechanisms of angiosperms? | Fruits adapted for: Animal ingestion Wind dispersal Attachment to fur Water dispersal |
| What is the dominant generation of nonvascular plants? What is it dependent on? | Dominate gametophyte Sporophyte dependent |
| What is the dominant generation of vascular plants? What is free-living? | Dominant sporophyte Free-living gametophyte |
| Important phases of nonvascular plant life cycle | Meiosis → spores → gametophytes |
| Important phases of vascular plant life cycle | Spores → gametophyte → fertilization (water required) |
| What is the dominant generation of gymnosperms? When does development occur? What are the spores? | Sporophyte dominant Heterosporous Microspores → pollen Megaspores → female gametophyte in ovule Seed develops after fertilization |
| What is the dominant generation of angiosperms? When does development occur? What do flowers product? What are the seeds enclosed in? | Sporophyte dominant Flowers produce: Pollen (male) Ovule (female) Double fertilization Seed enclosed in fruit |
| How do humans influence angiosperm diversification? What is the result? | Artificial selection Domestication of major crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes) Selective breeding for: yield, taste, size, shelf life This has accelerated diversification in cultivated species |
| Phylogenetic Relationships & Major Innovations: evolutionary progression | Ancestral green algae Origin of land plants (~475 mya) Origin of vascular plants (~420 mya) Origin of seed plants (~360 mya) Gymnosperms Angiosperms |
| What is the innovation associated with the origin of vascular plants? | Vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) |
| What is the innovation associated with the origin of seed plants? | Seeds, pollen, heterospory |
| What is the innovation associated with the origin of gymnosperms? | Wood, secondary growth |
| What is the innovation associated with the origin of angiosperms? | Flowers Fruits (ovary) Double fertilization Endosperm |
| What major adaptation appeared with early land plants? | Cuticle |
| What major adaptation appeared with vascular plants? | Vascular tissue |
| What major adaptation appeared with seed plants? | Seeds and pollen Wood |
| What major adaptation appeared with angiosperms? | Flowers and ovaries |
| What major adaptation appeared with angiosperms and some gnetophytes? | Vessels |
| Define seed | Embryo + stored food + protective coat |
| Define homospory | Production of one type of spore |
| Define heterospory | Production of two types: Microspores (male) Megaspores (female) |
| Define ovule | Structure that contains female gametophyte and develops into seed after fertilization |
| Define pollen | Male gametophyte enclosed in protective wall |
| Define fruit | Mature ovary that encloses seed |
| Define endosperm | Nutritive tissue formed after double fertilization in angiosperms |
| Define double fertilization | One sperm fertilizes egg → embryo Second sperm fertilizes central cell → endosperm |
Created by:
KristenR2025