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Chap. 8 digest terms
Digestive system ch8
| Mouth (or/o) (stomat/o) | Begins preparation of food for digestion |
| Pharynx (pharyng/o) | Transports food from the mouth to the esophagus |
| Esophagus (esophag/o) | Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. Muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Stomach (gastr/o) | Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices Sac-like organ composed of the fungus (upper, rounded part) body (main portion), antrum (lower part) |
| Small intestine (enter/o) | Mixed chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients. 20 ft long and consists of 3 sections where food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream |
| Large intestine (col/o, colon/o) | Absorbs excess water, and prepares solid waste for elimination. The waste products of digestion are processed in preparation for excretion through the anus |
| Rectum, Anus (an/o, proct/o, rect/o) | Control the excretion of solid waste |
| Liver (hepat/o) | Secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats. Largest organ in the body, removes toxins from the blood and turning food into fuel and nutrients the body needs |
| Gallbladder (cholecyst/o) | Stores bile, and releases it into the small intestine as needed. Pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver, stores and concentrates bile for later use |
| Pancreas (pancreat/o) | Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed. Soft, 6-inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach. Important in digestive and endocrine systems |
| Chol/e | bile, gall |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| Gingiva | gums |
| -lithiasis | presence of stones |
| -pepsia | digest, digestion |
| Periodontium | structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth |
| -phagia | eating, swallowing |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| The Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) | gastr = stomach, intestine = intestine |
| The upper GI tract | Consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, and stomach, and transports food from the entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach |
| The palate | Forms roof of the mouth, consists of 3 parts |
| Hard palate | Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth and covered with specialized mucous membranes |
| Soft palate | flexible posterior portion of the palate. Important during swallowing by closing off the nasal passages so food/drink moves downwards |
| Uvula | Moves upwards during swallowing. Plays a role in snoring and forming some speech sounds |
| Tongue | Strong, flexible, and muscular, the structure of the tongue is important for chewing, speaking, and swallowing |
| Papillae | Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds (sensory receptors) |
| What is an important role for the tongue? | The tongue has a rich blood supply which makes it important in the absorption of medications sublingually |
| Saliva and Salivary glands | colorless liquid that maintains in the mouth, the 3 pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth |
| Important roles of the saliva and Salivary glands | 1. Maintains the health of the teeth 2. Begins digestive process by lubricating food during chewing/swallowing |
| Rugae | Folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach |
| Gastric juices | Aid in the beginning of food digestion. Mucus produced by glands in the stomach create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach. |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Ring-like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| The Lower GI tract (bowels) | Made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus, digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion from the body |
| Duodenum | 1st portion, extends from the pylorus of the stomach to the jejunum |
| Jejunum | Middle portion, extends from the duodenum to the ileum |
| Ileum | Last portion/longest, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine |
| Cecum | Pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen |
| Colon | Longest portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon |
| Rectum | Widest division of the large intestine, makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus |
| Anus | Lower opening of the digestive tract |
| Functions of the liver | 1. removes excess glucose 2. secretes bile/bilirubin 3. removes toxins from the blood 4. turns food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs |
| Bilirubin | Pigment excreted into the digestive fluid called bile, making it a yellow color |
| Bile | Aids in the digestion of fats, a digestive juices secreted by the liver that is necessary for the digestion of fate |
| Pancreatic juices | Aid in digestion and contain digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids |
| Digestion | Process by which complex food are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use |
| Metabolism (metabol = change, ism = condition) | Includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| Anabolism | Building up of body cells and substances from nutrients |
| Catabolism | Breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide |
| Absorption | Process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body |
| Mastication (chewing) | Breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixed with saliva, and prepares to be swallowed |
| Bolus | Mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed |
| Perisralsis | Wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle in a single direction |
| Chyme | Semifluid mass of partly digested food |
| Emulsification | Chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile. Bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in the pancreatic juice can digest the fats |
| Feces | Solid body wastes expelled through the rectum and anus |
| Defecation | Bowel movement, evacuation or emptying of the large intestine |
| Borborygmus | Rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine |
| Flatulence | Passage of gas out of the body through the rectum |
| Bariatrics | Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases |
| Dentist | Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity |
| Gastroenterologist | Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders/diseases of the stomach or intestines |
| Oral/Maxillofacical surgeon | Specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries |
| Orthodontist | Dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures |
| Periodontist | Dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth |
| Proctologist | Physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus |
| Herpes labialis | Blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| Leukoplakia | Abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek |
| Stomatomycosis | Any disease of the mouth due to a fungus |
| Oral Thrush | Type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control |
| Trismus | Describes any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer |
| Xerostomia | Dry mouth |
| Bruxism | Grinding of teeth |
| Halitosis | Bad breath |
| Malocclusion | Deviation from the upper and lower teeth alignment |
| Gingivitis | Early stage periodontal disease that causes inflammation of the gums |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | Upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus leading to acid irritation and damage to the esophagus |
| Pyrosis (heartburn) | Burning sensation caused by the return of acid into the esophagus |
| Hiatal hernia | An anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upwards into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm (hiat = opening, al = pertaining to) |
| Gastritis | Common inflammation of the stomach lining that can be caused by bacteria |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines |
| Peptic Ulcer | Sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system. Caused by bacteria or medications, such as aspirin, that irritate the lining of the stomach |
| Anorexia | Loss of appetite for food |
| Anorexia Nervosa | False perception of body appearance, intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight. Voluntary starvation and excessive exercising |
| Bulimia Nervosa | Frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other meds |
| Dehydration | Fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance |
| Malnutrition | Lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability to digest |
| Malabsorption | Small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it |
| Dyspepsia | Indigestion |
| Hematemsis | Vomiting of blood |
| Nausea | The urge to vomit |
| Celiac disease | Inherited autoimmune disease leading to the gluten intolerance |
| Polyp | A mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane. Not all polyps are malignant |
| Diverticulosis | the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticulum in the colon |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon |
| Ischemic colitis | Occurs when part of the large intestines is partially or completely deprived of blood. Tissue will become necrotic within 24 hours |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | Common condition of unknown cause |
| Symptoms of IBS | Cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea, it is not caused by bacteria or virus |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | Diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines |
| Ulcerative colitis | Chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine causes ulcers |
| Crohn's disease | Chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract: often found in the ileum and colon |
| Volvulus | This is twisting of the volvulus of the intestines and can cause a blockage |
| Clostridium difficile (C. Diff) | Bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities, causes diarrhea and inflammation of the colon |
| Dysentery | Bacteria infection spread in hot countries and is spread through food/water |
| E. Coli | Bacteria transmitted through contaminated food that has not been cooked properly |
| Salmonella | Transmittied through feces (animal contact or eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat or eggs |
| Bowel incontinence | Inability to control the excretion of feces |
| Constipation | Having a bowel movement fewer than 3 times per week |
| Diarrhea | Abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools |
| Hemorrhoids | Occur when a cluster of veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, and the eyes, caused by higher amounts of bilirubin in the blood |
| Cirrhosis (Cirr = yellow or orange, osis = abnormal condition) | Chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring (caused by excessive alcohol abuse or hepatitis B or C |
| Cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Esophagogastriduodenoscopy | Endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract |
| Endoscope | Instrument used for visual examination of internal structures |
| Capsule endoscopy | Tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows |
| Colonoscopy | Direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum |
| Sigmoidoscopy | Endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly the descending colon |
| Hemoccult | Laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools |
| BMI | Body mass index |
| EGD | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal Reflux disease |
| GI | Gastrointestinal |
| IBD | Inflammatory bowel disease |
| IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
| NG tube | Nasogastric tube |
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