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Chapter 29 LT

Biodiversity Spring 2026- Exam 2

QuestionAnswer
Derived characteristics of land plants (derived traits that allow for survival on land) Alternation of generations Multicellular dependent embryo Walled spores produced in sporangia Multicellular gametangia Apical meristems
What is the alternation of generations? Life cycle with multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages
What does multicellular dependent embryo mean? Embryo remains protected and nourished inside the parent
What does walled spores produced in sporangia mean? Spores resist drying and aid dispersal
What does apical meristems mean? Structures that protect gametes
What does multicellular gametangia mean? Regions of continuous growth at shoot and root tips
What are the adaptations of land plants to terrestrial life? Apical meristems Cuticle Stomata Tough-walled spores Protected reproductive structures
What does apical meristems do regarding adaptation of land plants to terrestrial life? allow reproduction without standing water
What does cuticles do regarding adaptation of land plants to terrestrial life? prevent desiccation
What do stomata do regarding adaptation of land plants to terrestrial life? pores that regulate gas exchange and water loss
What do tough-walled spores do regarding adaptation of land plants to terrestrial life? waxy coating that reduces water loss and protects from pathogens
What do protected reproductive structures do regarding adaptation of land plants to terrestrial life? allow continuous growth
Describe the alternation of generations cycle? Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis Spores grow into gametophytes Gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis Fertilization to zygote that grows into sporophyte
What is another name for the alternation of generations cycle? Sporic life cycle
What is the key idea of alternation of generations? Both multicellular haploid and diploid stages exist
What are the lignin and vascular structures? Xylem Ploem Ligin
Why is xylem an important vascular structure? transports water & minerals upward
Why is ploem an important vascular structure? transports sugars throughout plant
Why is lignin an important structure? strengthens cell walls, allowing: Taller growth, Structural support, and Efficient water transport
What is the result of lignin and vascular structures? Plants grow taller → better sunlight access → better spore/seed dispersal
How have seedless plants transformed Earth's ecology? Formed the first forests Removed CO₂ from atmosphere → caused global cooling Increased soil formation Their burial formed coal deposits Improved nutrient cycling
Define microphyll small leaf with a single vein (lycophytes)
Define megaphyll large leaf with branched veins (ferns, seed plants)
Define sporophyll leaf that bears sporangia
Define sporophyte diploid generation that produces spores
Define gametophyte haploid generation that produces gametes
Define spore haploid reproductive cell that grows into gametophyte
Define gamete haploid sex cell (egg or sperm)
Define sporangia structures that produce spores
Define gametangia structures that produce gametes
Define xylem vascular tissue that transports water and minerals
Define phloem vascular tissue that transports sugars
Define lignin strengthening polymer in plant cell walls
Define roots absorb water and minerals, anchor plant
Define rhizoids root-like structures in bryophytes
Define vascular tissue transport system (xylem & phloem)
Define cuticle waxy coating preventing water loss
Define stomata pores controlling gas exchange
Created by: KristenR2025
 

 



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