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RadThera
cancers
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell ________, the ability to ________ nearby tissues and distant organs, and eventual _______ if the tumor progresses beyond the stage where it can be successfully treated or removed. | growth, invade , death |
| (MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER) Arises from the epithelial cells lining the internal surface of various organs. (e.g., mouth, esophagus, uterus) | Carcinoma |
| (MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER) Arises from the mesodermal cells constituting the various connective tissues (e.g., fibrous tissue, bones) | Sarcoma |
| (MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER) Arising from the cells of the bone marrow and the immune system | Lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia |
| (MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER) Tumors derived from totipotent cells. | Germ Cell Tumor |
| The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. | Totipotent |
| (MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER) A tumor (usually malignant) that resembles an immature or embryonic tissue. Many of these tumors are most common in children. | Blasti tumor/Blastoma |
| (TYPES OF CARCINOMA) This type arises from glandular epithelial cells and is commonly found in organs such as the breast, prostate, and colon. | Adenocarcinoma |
| (TYPES OF CARCINOMA) Originating from squamous cells, this carcinoma often occurs in the skin, lungs, and cervix. | Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
| (TYPES OF CARCINOMA) A common skin cancer that arises from basal cells, it typically develops in areas exposed to the sun. | Basal Cell Carcinoma |
| (TYPES OF CARCINOMA) This type affects the urinary system, particularly the bladder, and arises from transitional epithelial cells. | Transitional Cell Carcinoma |
| (TYPES OF SARCOMA) These tumors develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, fat, nerves, and blood vessels. | Soft Tissue Sarcomas |
| (COMMON TYPES OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA) ______________ - fat tissue ______________ - smooth muscle ______________ - skeletal muscle ______________ - joint tissue | Liposarcoma (fat tissue) Leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle) Rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle) Synovial sarcoma (joint tissue) |
| (TYPES OF SARCOMA) These tumors originate in the bones. | Bone Sarcomas |
| (COMMON TYPES OF BONE SARCOMA) _____________ - usually occurs in the long bones _____________ - typically affects children and young adults _____________ - arises from cartilage | Osteosarcoma (usually occurs in the long bones) Ewing sarcoma (typically affects children and young adults) Chondrosarcoma (arises from cartilage) |
| (TYPES OF LYMPHOMA) Characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin lymphoma typically presents with swollen lymph nodes, fever, and night sweats. It is generally considered more treatable than NHL. | Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) |
| (TYPES OF LYMPHOMA) This encompasses a diverse group of blood cancers that do not involve Reed-Sternberg cells. | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) |
| (TYPES OF LYMPHOMA) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can vary significantly in terms of aggressiveness and treatment response, making it essential to classify the specific subtype for effective management. | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) |
| These are large, abnormal, often multinucleated lymphocytes that are the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by an “owl’s eye” appearance and derived from germinal center B cells. | Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells |
| (TYPES OF LEUKEMIA) This type progresses rapidly and affects lymphoid cells. It is most common in children but can also occur in adults. | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) |
| (TYPES OF LEUKEMIA) It affects myeloid cells and can develop quickly. It is more common in adults than in children. | Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) |
| (TYPES OF LEUKEMIA) This progresses slowly and primarily affects lymphoid cells. It is most often diagnosed in older adults. | Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) |
| (TYPES OF LEUKEMIA) The overproduction of myeloid cells characterizes this and typically progresses slowly at first but can accelerate | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) |
| (TYPES OF GERM CELL TUMORS) These are a type of germ cell tumor that typically occurs in the testes. | Seminomas |
| (TYPES OF GERM CELL TUMORS) They are generally slow-growing and have a better prognosis compared to non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. | Seminomas |
| (TYPES OF GERM CELL TUMORS) This category includes several subtypes, such as: - Embryonal carcinoma - Yolk sac tumor - Choriocarcinoma - Teratoma | Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCTs) |
| A highly malignant germ cell tumor composed of primitive epithelial cells that often invades surrounding tissues early. | Embryonal carcinoma |
| A malignant germ cell tumor that resembles embryonic yolk sac structures and commonly produces alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). | Yolk sac tumor |
| An aggressive germ cell tumor made of trophoblastic cells that produces high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and spreads rapidly through the bloodstream. | Choriocarcinoma |
| A germ cell tumor containing tissues from one or more embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), which may be mature or immature. | Teratoma |
| (TYPES OF BLASTOMA) This is the most common type of blastoma, originating from nerve tissue, typically in the adrenal glands or along the spine. | Neuroblastoma |
| (TYPES OF BLASTOMA) A cancer that develops in the retina of the eye, primarily affecting young children. | Retinoblastoma |
| (TYPES OF BLASTOMA) This type arises in the liver and is most commonly seen in infants and young children. | Hepatoblastoma |
| (TYPES OF BLASTOMA) A kidney cancer that primarily affects children, often presenting as an abdominal mass. | Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma) |
| (TYPES OF BLASTOMA) A type of brain tumor that originates in the cerebellum and is most common in children. | Medulloblastoma |
| Most Common Cancers: (WHO, 2024) | Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Lung Cancer |
| (MOST COMMON CANCER) most common cancer among women | Breast cancer |
| (MOST COMMON CANCER) most common in men and a leading cause of cancer death | Lung cancer |
| (MOST COMMON CANCER) increasing in both sexes | Colorectal cancer |
| (MOST COMMON CANCER) a major cause of death in several Southeast Asian countries | Liver cancer |
| (MOST COMMON CANCER) still common but highly preventable | Cervical cancer |
| There are a lot of international variations in the pattern of cancer, which are attributed to several factors such as: | Environmental factors Food Habit Lifestyle Genetic factor Inadequacy in the detection and reporting of cases. |
| (ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS) Present in various forms of usage can cause cancer of the lungs, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, pancreas, and kidneys. Cigarette smoking is now responsible for more than 1 million deaths each year | Tobacco |
| (ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS) Excess intake of alcohol can cause _____ and _____ cancer. Beer consumption may be associated with rectal cancer Alcohol contributes about __% of all cancer deaths. | esophageal and liver 3% |
| (DIETARY FACTORS) Smoked fish is related to _______ cancer Dietary fiber to ________ cancer Beef consumption to ______ cancer High-fat diet to _______ cancer ___________ and _______ have fallen under suspicion as causative agents. | stomach intestinal bowel breast Food additives and contaminants |
| (OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES) These include exposure to: _________ __________ _________ chromium vinyl chloride asbestos polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc. | benzene cadmium arsenic |
| (OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES) The risk of occupational exposure is said to be increased if the individual also smokes _______. Occupational exposure is usually reported to be _____% of human cancer. | cigarettes 1–5% |
| (VIRUS) Hepatitis B & C – _______ HIV infection – ______ _____ AIDS – ______ _______ Epstein – bar virus – ______ ____ __ ______ Cytomegalovirus – ____ _____ Papillomavirus – ______ _____ - Human T Cell Leukemia virus – _ ___ ______ | hepatocarcinoma Kaposi’s sarcoma non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma Burkitt's lymphoma and NPCA (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) Kaposi’s Sarcoma cervical cancer T Cell leukemia |
| (PARASITE) May be a cause of cancer ______________ can cause bladder cancer. | Schistosomiasis |
| It is a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes, primarily affecting people in tropical regions who have contact with fresh water infested by larvae from snails. | Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) |
| Genetic factors are strongly linked to cancer, as seen in _________ among siblings & increased _______ risk in individuals with Down syndrome, suggesting a complex interaction b/w inherited susceptibility & environmental carcinogenic exposures. | retinoblastoma leukemia |
| It consists of prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, aftercare, and rehabilitation, reducing incidence and prevalence. | Cancer control |
| It focuses on reducing exposure to risk factors to prevent cancer before it develops. | Primary control |
| Controlling these two lifestyle factors can reduce the cancer burden by about 1 million cases per year. | Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption |
| Improvement of this may decrease the incidence of certain types of cancers. | Personal Hygiene |
| Exposure to this should be minimized without reducing its medical benefits. | Radiation |
| Workers should be protected from exposure to industrial carcinogens in this type of risk. | Occupational exposure |
| These products should be tested for carcinogens before public use. | Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics |
| Controlling this environmental factor is a preventive measure against cancer. | Air Pollution |
| Early detection and prompt treatment of these can prevent cancer progression. | Precancerous Lesions |
| This legal measure supports cancer prevention under primary prevention. | Legislation |
| This should be directed to high-risk groups to promote early diagnosis and treatment. | Cancer education |
| Early warning symptoms/signs: - _____ or hard area - A change in a wart or ____ - A persistent change in _____ and ______ habits - A persistent _____ or hoarseness | Lump mole digestive and bowel cough |
| Early warning symptoms/signs: - Excessive loss of _____ during the monthly period or loss of blood outside the usual dates - _____ ____ from any natural orifice - A _____ or sore that does not get better - Unexplained loss of ______ | blood Blood loss swelling weight |
| (SECONDARY PREVENTION) Cancer registrations: | Hospital-based registries Population-based registries. |
| This vaccine prevents cervical cancer. | HPV Vaccine |
| This vaccine prevents liver cancer. | Hepatitis B Vaccine |
| This screening method reduces breast cancer mortality. | Mammography |
| This is considered the single most effective cancer prevention strategy. | Smoking Cessation |
| These laws help reduce asbestos-related cancers. | Occupational Safety Laws |
Created by:
yulyae