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Topic 6
Structure of nephron
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nephron structure | 1. Renal capule with glomerulus 2. Proximal convoluted tubule 3. Loop of Henle 4. Distal convoluted tubule 5. Collecting ducts |
| What is the function of the nephron | Filter blood to remove waste and selectively reabsorb useful substances back into the blood |
| Urine contains | Water dissolved salts Urea Other small substances |
| Urine does not contain | Proteins and blood cells Glucose |
| How does filtering and Reabsorption work | Stage 1 Ultrafiliteration occurs due to high hydrostatic pressure water and small molecules are forced out of the glomerulus capilaries into the renal capsule |
| Stage 2 | Selective reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule |
| Stage 3 and 4 | The loop of Henie maintains a sodium ion gradient so water can be reabsorbed by the blood |
| Stage 5 and 6 | Water moves out of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to return back to the blood. The collecting duct then carries the remaining liquid to the ureter |
| Ultafiltration overall | Forces water and glucose and mineral ions to leave capilaries for the glomerulus filtrate Large proteins and blood cells are too big to fit in the gaps in the capilary endothelium so remain in the blood. This blood leaves via the efferent arteriole |
| Where does Selective Reabsorption occur | Occurs in the proximal covoluted tubule |
| How is glucose reabsorbed in selective reabsorption | 1. The concentration of sodium ions in the PCT cell is decreased as the sodium ions are activley transported out of the PCT cells into the blood in the capilaries |
| 2. Due to the concentration gradient sodium ions diffuse down the gradient from the lumen of PCT into the cells lining the PCT. This is example of cotransport as sodium ions carry glucpse with it | |
| 3.The glucose can then diffuse from PCT epethiliel cell into blood stream | |
| 4. The glucose can then diffuse from the PCT epithelial cell into the blood stream | |
| Maintaining a sodium ion gradient by the loop of Henle | 1. Mitochondria in the walls of the cells provide energy to activley transport sodium ions out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle |
| 2. The accumilation of sodium ions in outsdie of the nephron in the medulla lowers the water potential | |
| 3. Therefore water diffueses out by osmosis into the interstial space then the blood capilaries (Water is reabsorbed into the blood |
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yHya