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Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Nervous System divided into? | The central nervous sytem (brain + spinal cord) and the peripheral Nervous System (everything outside the CNS e.g. cranial nerves, spinal nerves) |
| What is the role of the central nervous system? | - Processes info - Generates mvt - Controls reflexes - Integrates sensation |
| What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System? | - Connects the CNS to the rest of the body - Carries messages to and from the CNS - Sensory function (afferent) > carries info from receptors to the CNS (brain) - Motor function (Efferent) > carries info from the brain to the muscles |
| What is the Motor (Efferent) Division of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) divided into? | 1) Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary) Controls skeletal muscles 2) Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) Controls organs, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands |
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System split into? | Sympathetic — fight or flight Parasympathetic — rest and digest Example: Heart rate changes, digestion, sweating |
| What are the 4 major brain regions and what do they do? | 1. Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex) - Thinking & Voluntary Actions 2. Cerebellum - Coordination & balance 3. Brainstem - Basic life functions 4. Basal Ganglia - Regulate mvt/filter |
| What are the key functions of the Cerebrum/cerebral cortex? And what is it divided into? | - Thinking, planning, decision-making - Voluntary movement - Sensation - Language - Memory - Emotion Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe |
| What is the key function of the Frontal lobe? and a lesion example | Motor + executive function - Primary motor cortex - Planning movement - Personality - Speech production Lesion example: weakness, behavioural change, expressive aphasia |
| What is the key function of the Parietal lobe? and a lesion example | = Sensation + body awareness - Touch, proprioception - Spatial awareness Lesion example: sensory loss, neglect (especially right side) |
| What is the key function of theTemporal lobe? and a lesion example | = hearing + memory + language comprehension - Auditory processing - Wernicke's area Lesion example: Receptive aphasia, memory issues |
| What is the key function of the Occipital lobe? and a lesion example | = Vision Lesion example: visual field loss |
| What are some common damage clues you'll see in all lobes? | - Frontal → personality changes, weakness - Parietal → sensory loss, neglect - Temporal → memory or language issues - Occipital → visual deficits |
| What are the key functions of the Cerebellum? and some lesion signs | = coordination + balance + motor learning - Does NOT initiate movement - it fine-tunes it Lesion signs: Affect SAME side of body - Ataxia (uncoordinated mvt) - Dysmetria (overshoot/undershoot) - Intention tremor - Poor balance |
| What are the key functions of the Brainstem and what are the threee parts? | = connects brain > spinal cord = basic life functions Midbrain, Pons, medulla oblongata |
| What does the midbrain control/involve? | - Eye movements - Visual & auditory reflexes - Motor pathways |
| What does the Pons control/involve? | - Bridge between cerebrum and cerebellum - Breathing regulation - Facial sensation & movement |
| What does the Medulla Oblongata do/control? | Critical survival functions - Heart rate - Blood pressure - Breathing - Swallowing - Vomiting/cough reflexes Damage here can be life-threatening |
| What is the function of the Basal Ganglia and what are some disorders that may occur from here? | = Deep brain structures that regulate mvt - Initiation of mvt - Smooth execution - Suppression of unwanted mvt Key functions: • Initiate movement • Smooth execution • Stop unwanted movement • Scale force & speed Parky's+Huntingtons |
| What is the LAF man/homonculous man? | A man that lays on top of the brain and can tell us what syptoms we would be expecting in someone with a stroke Legs, Arm, Face |
| Where areas of the brian belong to MCA, PCA and ACA and what are their key deficits? | MCA = Lateral cortex = face/arm +/- language ACA = Medial cortex = Leg weakness PCA = Posterior cortex = vision loss |
| What does the lateral zones of the cerebellar control? | regulation of planning, refining, and adapting complex voluntary movement |
| What does the intermediate zone regulate? | This region fine-tunes movement while it is happening |
| What does the Medial and midline/vermis region of the cerebellar regulate? | The cerebellar vermis regulates axial posture and gait using spinal and vestibular sensory input. |
| What does the flocculonodular lobe control? | This part of the cerebellum keeps you upright, steady, and oriented in space It works closely with the vestibular system (inner ear). |
| What would damge to one cerebellar hemisphere cause? | 1.Damage -one cerebellar hemisphere causes ataxia in the ipsilateral limbs (usually) |
| What would damge to one cerebellar vermis affect? | 2.Damage - vermis predominantly affects gait and sitting balance, with relative sparing of eye movements and speech |
| What would damge to one cerebellar floccularnodular lobe affect? | 3.Damage - floccular-nodular lobe affects integration of vestibular and ocular. Spatial – timing – position sense. |
| Explain what the Peduncles are | 3 paired bundles of nerve fibres that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem and body |
| What does the inferior Peduncle do? | Provides real-time feedback to correct movement. Carries information FROM (Efferent) the body → TO the cerebellum |
| What does the middle Peduncle do? | The brain sends the motor plan so the cerebellum can fine-tune it. Carries movement plans FROM (Afferent) the cortex → TO (Efferent) the cerebellum |
| What does the Superior Peduncle do? | Sends corrected movement signals FROM (Afferent) cerebellum → TO brain |
| Then |
Created by:
HollyRicho