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BIOL chapter 5 terms

QuestionAnswer
Taxonomy Identifying and naming species and placing them into hierarchical classifications based on morphological similarity
Systematics Discipline focused on classifying organisms according to evolutionary relationships (phylogeny)
Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a species or group
Phylogenetic Tree A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among species
Cladistics Method of building phylogenetic trees based on common ancestry
Clade A group consisting of an ancestral species and all its descendants
Monophyletic Group Common ancestor and all its descendants
Paraphyletic Group Common ancestor and some but not all descendants
Polyphyletic Group Group that does not include most recent common ancestor
Shared Ancestral Character Trait shared by all members of a group
Shared Derived Character (Synapomorphy) Trait that evolved in a lineage and is shared by descendants
Homology Similarity due to shared ancestry
Analogy Similarity due to convergent evolution
In-group Group being studied
Out-group Group used for comparison
Cladogram Time-independent phylogenetic diagram
Phylogram Time-dependent phylogenetic diagram
Molecular Clock Method estimating evolutionary time based on mutation rate
Maximum Parsimony Principle favoring tree requiring fewest evolutionary changes
Morphological Traits Physical characteristics used in tree building
Gnathostomata Clade of jawed vertebrates
Tetrapoda Clade of four-limbed vertebrates
Amniota Clade with amniotic egg
Sauropsida Clade including reptiles and birds
Synapsida Clade including mammals
Lissamphibia Clade including modern amphibians
Norfolk Island Boobook Owl Case study in phylogenetic inference
mtDNA Base pair differences used to infer relatedness
Time-Independent Tree Tree showing relationships but not time
Time-Dependent Tree Tree showing branch lengths reflecting time
Carolus Linnaeus Founded modern taxonomy
Ernst Haeckel Proposed 3-kingdom system
Herbert Copeland Proposed 4-kingdom system
Stanier Pushed division of Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes to higher level
Robert Whittaker Proposed 5-kingdom system
Carl Woese Proposed 3-domain system based on genetic similarity
Domain Bacteria One of three domains
Domain Archaea Genetically distinct prokaryotes
Domain Eukarya Eukaryotic organisms
Supergroup Excavata Eukaryotic supergroup
Supergroup Archaeplastida Eukaryotic supergroup
Supergroup SAR Eukaryotic supergroup
Supergroup Unikonta Eukaryotic supergroup
Opisthokonts Clade including fungi and animals
Amoebozoans Eukaryotic clade
Stramenopiles Group within SAR
Alveolates Group within SAR
Rhizarians Group within SAR
Created by: user-1770278
 

 



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