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RAD201_wk5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The term apoptosis is synonymous with | Programmed cell death |
| Because the master molecule is unique in any given cell, no similar molecules in the cell are available to replace it; if a critical location on the master molecule is a target receiving multiple hits from ionizing radiation, the master molecule may be in | Normal cell function will cease, and the cell will die. |
| The normal white blood cell count for an adult ranges from | 5000 to 10,000/mm3 of blood. |
| When LET increases, the chance of a significant biologic response in the radiosensitive DNA macromolecule | also increases |
| Which of the following tissues contain cells that do not divide? 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Muscle tissue 3. Nervous tissue in an adult | 2 and 3 (muscle tissue and adult nervous tissue) |
| Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive? | Adult nerve cells |
| If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can | repopulate after a period of recovery |
| Because the genetic information to be passed on to future generations is contained in the strict sequence of nitrogenous bases, the loss or change of a base in the DNA chain represents a (an) | mutation |
| Which of the following humans is most radiosensitive? | An embryo-fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy |
| A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure because | biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregularity is seen in the blood count AND a blood count is a relatively insensitive test that is unable to indicate doses of less than 10 cGyt accurately. |
| Which of the following gonadal radiation doses may cause permanent sterility in a male human? | 5.0 or 6.0 Gyt |
| Which of the following curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell? | Cell survival curve |
| Neutrophils play an essential role in | fighting infection |
| The radiation dose required to produce mitotic death is | less than the dose needed to produce apoptosis in slowly dividing cells or nondividing cells. |
| Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)? | X-rays and gamma rays |
| Based on current data, which of the following would be considered a safe radiation dose for the gonads of both males and females? | 0 Gyt |
| Which of the following is a category of white blood cell that is essential in fighting infections? | Granulocytes |
| The radiosensitivity of ova | varies considerably throughout the lifetime of the germ cell. |
| One micron (μm) = ______ | 10–6 m |
| Which of the following groups of cells is most radiosensitive? | Lymphocytes |
| Which of the following statements is true concerning patients who receive radiation exposure from a routine radiographic procedure such as a chest x-ray? | Patients are not expected to sustain appreciable damage |
| A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation? | 4 |
| When free radicals previously produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules act on a molecule such as DNA, the damaging action of ionizing radiation | The free radicals produced by the interaction of radiation with water molecules |
| Direct action may occur after exposure to any type of radiation, but it is much more likely to occur after exposure to | high-LET radiation such as alpha particles. |
| During the major response stages of acute radiation syndrome after the prodromal stage and a period of false calm that may last for several days, the stage when symptoms that affect the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and cerebrovascular systems occurs, | manifest illness |
| Data from epidemiologic studies of human populations exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause acute radiation syndrome have been obtained from | all of the options |
| Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on factors such as 1. radiosensitivity. 2. reproductive characteristics. 3. growth rate. | all of the options |
| The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the | bone marrow syndrome |
| Grenz rays were once used to treat and successfully cure | skin diseases such as ringworm |
| The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is actually the | beginning stage |
| For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as | the radiation dose increases |
| If a person receives radiation exposure sufficient to cause the gastrointestinal syndrome, fatality occurs primarily as a result of | catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal track. |
| What determines the rate of production of chromosome aberrations? | 1. The total radiation dose given to a somatic cell 2. The total radiation given to a genetic cell 3. The period of time in which radiation dose was delivered |
| In 1898, after suffering severe burns attributed to accumulated radiation exposure, this Boston dentist began investigating the potential hazards of radiation exposure and became the first known determined advocate of radiation protection was | William Herbert Rollins. |
| In female oogonia, the ovarian stem cells | multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development. |
| The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is | spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm. |
| The term LD 50/30 signifies the whole-body dose of radiation that can be lethal to | 50% of the exposed population within 30 days. |
| Early tissue reactions are | not common in diagnostic imaging |
| Which of the following are classified as early tissue reactions of ionizing radiation? | Nausea, epilation, and intestinal disorders |
| During cardiovascular or other therapeutic interventional procedures that use high-level fluoroscopy for extended periods, the effects of ionizing radiation on the skin are at most | significant |
| Atrophy refers to | shrinkage of organs and tissues after a high radiation dose is received. |
| Chromosomal damage can be caused by | both low and high doses of radiation |
| Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include | 1. bone marrow. 2. male and female reproductive organs. 3. skin. |
| A term that is synonymous with loss of hair is | epilation |
| A single absorbed dose of 2 Gyt can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within | 24 to 48 hours after irradiation |
| Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a | cumulative effect |
| The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is | primordial follicle, mature follicle, corpus luteum, ovum. |
| Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome? | carcinogenic syndrome |
| Moist and dry desquamation can be caused by | high radiation doses |
| When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population, the risk is considered to be | relative |
| In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable? | All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv. |
| The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to | calcium |
| Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans | are both contradictory and inconclusive. |
| Radiation-induced genetic abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to | DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult. |
| The term linear nonthreshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is | directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero. |
| Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called | spontaneous mutations |
| Currently, evidence of radiation-induced hereditary effects has not been observed in persons employed in diagnostic imaging or in patients undergoing radiologic examinations. Even with this information, it is still recommended that | all radiation exposure be maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). |
| Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. In humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States. | 10% |
| Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most significant? | cancer |
| Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following? | Sperm of a man Ova of a woman |
| Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose–response relationship. | threashold;non-linear |
| What is the mean value of the radiation doubling dose for humans, as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? | 1.56 Sv |
| During the 1950s and 1960s, the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure. This provides an example of which of the following? | late stochastic effects |
| Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure? | 1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes 2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry 3. Natural background radiation |
| Radium decays with a half-life of | 1622 years |
| Among the atomic bomb survivors, the number of people living with leukemia has _______________ since the late 1940s and early 1950s. However, the occurrence rates of other radiation-induced malignancies continued to ___________ since the late 1950s and ea | slowly declined; escalate |
| What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common? | They are all mutagens that can increase the frequency of mutations. |
| After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries, resulting from the accidental overdose of iodine-131. Physicians administered ______________________ to children as a harmless substitu | potassium iodide |
| To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl | long term follow up studies are necessary |
| Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose–response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiat | cancer |
| Laboratory experiments with mice conclude that cataracts may be caused by doses of ionizing radiation as low as | 0.1 Gy |
| Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called | point mutations |
| During the preimplantation stage of development, the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing undifferentiated cells. If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result | embryonic death |
| Studies of postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis are a group of individuals in whom the results of radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue via scattered radiation indicate that radiation | can cause breast cancer |
| The effective dose (EfD) limiting system is | the current method for controlling the risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public from radiation exposure. |
| The effective dose (EfD) occupational limit for the lens of the eye is | 15 mSv |
| The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including | 1. radioactive materials. 2. radiation-producing machines. 3. radiation accidents. |
| Revised concepts of the risks of radiation exposure have brought about changes in NCRP recommendations for limits on exposure to ionizing radiation over a number of decades. Because many conflicting views exist on assessing the risk of cancer induction fr | create more rigorous radiation protection standards |
| (T/F) Medical imaging personnel hardly ever receive equivalent doses that are close to the annual occupational effective dose limit. | True |
| Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission? | NRC |
| Which of the following are responsibilities of a health care facility’s administrative personnel to ensure an active and detailed radiation safety program? | 1. Delegate operational funds in the budget for the radiation safety program 2. Oversee the development of policies and procedures the radiation safety program 3. Provide the equipment needed for starting and for continuing the radiation safety program |
| To define ALARA, health care facilities usually adopt investigation levels, defined as level I and level II. In the United States, these levels are traditionally _______ to ______ the applicable regulatory standards. | 1/10 to 3/10 |
| If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will | not demonstrate the effect |
| The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include | 1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker’s undergoing medical imaging procedures. 2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation. |
| Upper boundary safe radiation exposure limits for occupationally exposed persons are associated with risks that are similar to those encountered by employees in other industries that are generally considered to be reasonably safe. | 1. manufacturing. 2. trade. 3. government. |
| Which of the following groups is run by the government of Japan, primarily to study Japanese atomic bomb survivors? | Radiation effects research foundation |
| The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model concerning the relationship between | ionizing radiation and potential risk |
| The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the | designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility |
| Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old. | 460 mSv |
| The essential concept underlying radiation protection is that | any organ in the human body is vulnerable to damage from exposure to ionizing radiation. |
| Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation? | stochastic event |
| To provide a low-exposure cut-off level so that regulatory agencies may consider a level of effective dose as being of negligible risk, an annual negligible individual dose (NID) of ________________ per source or practice has been set. | 0.01 mSv/yr |
| Which of the following are functions and/or responsibilities of the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)? | 1. Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominantly in industry 2. Regulates occupational exposure to radiation through Part 1910 of Title 29 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (29 CFR 1910) 3. Responsible for regulations con |
| The primary function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to | oversees the nuclear energy industry |
| A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to | 1. identify radiation safety problems. 2. initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action. 3. stop unsafe operations involving by-product material. 4. verify implementation of corrective actions. |
| Epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses higher than approximately | 0.4 Sv |
| Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for | whole-body, partial-body, and individual organ exposure |
| Occasional exposure for the purpose of education and training is permitted, provided that special care is taken to ensure that the annual effective dose limit of ____________ is not exceeded for persons under the age of 18 years. | 1 mSv annually |
| Working in conjunction with their partners in other agencies, the FDA intends to take action to | 1. promote safe use of medical imaging devices. 2. support informed clinical decision. 3. increase patient awareness. |
Created by:
jetsetjes