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2.1.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osmosis | the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (like a cell membrane) from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to balance the concentration on both sides |
| Hypertonic | having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | (of muscle action) taking place with normal contraction. |
| Diffusion | the natural movement of molecules (like gases, liquids, or solutes) from an area where they are highly concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated, spreading out randomly until they are evenly distributed, requiring no external energy |
| Concentration Gradient | the process of particles, which are solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles |
| Telemedicine / Telehealth | the remote delivery of healthcare services—including evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment—using telecommunications technology like smartphones, computers, or video conferencing |
| Hormones | chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs |
| Metabolism | the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms that convert food into energy, build/repair tissue, and eliminate waste |
| Cellular Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 to (arrow) 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP |
| Reactant | a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. |
| Product | a substance, molecule, or entity formed as the result of a biological process (Chemical reaction) |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | primary energy-carrying molecule in all living cells, often called the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer |
| Diabetes Mellitus (Pancrus) | a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from the body’s inability to produce or properly use insulin |
| Type 1 Diabetes | a chronic autoimmune condition where the immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production |
| Type 2 Diabetes | a chronic condition where the body cannot effectively use insulin (insulin resistance) or produce enough of it, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia |
| Gestational Diabetes | a form of high blood sugar (glucose) that is first diagnosed during pregnancy, typically around the 24th to 28th week |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar |
| Autoimmune Disorder | a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy cells, tissues, and organs, causing chronic inflammation and damage |
| Organic Macromolecules / Biomolecules | arge, carbon-based molecules essential for life, built from smaller organic subunits (monomers) |
| Carbohydrates | one of the three main macronutrients (along with protein and fat) that serve as the body's primary energy source |
| Proteins | any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms |
| Lipids | a diverse group of water-insoluble, oily, or waxy organic compounds—including fats, oils, waxes, and steroids |
| Nucleic Acids | essential, large biomolecules (macromolecules) found in all living cells and viruses, acting as the primary information-carrying molecules to store and express genetic information |
| Insulin | a vital hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar (glucose) levels by allowing cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream for energy |
| Glucose | Glucose is a simple sugar (\(C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}\)) and the primary source of energy for the body's cells |
| Glucagon | a hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas that raises blood glucose (sugar) levels, acting as a counterpart to insulin |
| Negative Feedback Loop | a self-regulating system mechanism that counteracts change to maintain stability, balance, or homeostasis |
| Positive Feedback Loop | a process in a system where an initial change triggers responses that amplify or intensify that change, moving the system further away from its initial state |
| Blood Glucose Meter (Glucometer) | a small, portable medical device used to measure the concentration of glucose (sugar) in a person's blood |
| Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) | a wearable medical device that tracks blood sugar levels in real-time 24/7, using a tiny sensor under the skin to measure glucose in interstitial fluid |
| Insulin Pump | a small, wearable, computerized device for people with diabetes that delivers a continuous, precise flow of rapid-acting insulin 24/7 through a tiny tube (catheter) under the skin |
| Pancreas | a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Embedded in the pancreas are the islets of Langerhans, which secrete into the blood the hormones insulin and glucagon. |
| Alpha Cell | endocrine cells located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that make up 30–40% of the islet endocrine cells (High blood sugar for homostasis) |
| Beta cell | specialized, insulin-producing endocrine cells located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that act as the body's primary glucose sensors (Low blood sugar) |
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