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Mental Health Ch.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is the Health–Illness Continuum? | A model showing health status ranging from wellness (one end) to sickness (other end), with most people falling somewhere in the middle. |
| How are mental and emotional health related to physical health? | They are interwoven; the body responds to both mental and physical stress. |
| Where do most people fall on the health–illness continuum? | In the middle. |
| How does the body respond to stress? | It responds to both physical and mental stress in a variety of ways. |
| Define mental health. | The ability to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of living in an acceptable way |
| What activities can mentally healthy people successfully carry out? | Activities of daily living (ADLs). |
| How do mentally healthy people handle change? | They adapt to change. |
| What are characteristics of mentally healthy people? | They successfully carry out activities of daily living, Adapt to change, Solve problems, Set goals, Enjoy life and Cope well. |
| What are the three factors influencing mental health? | Inherited characteristics, Childhood nurturing, Life circumstances |
| When is an individual considered mentally ill? | When behaviors interfere with daily activities, impair judgment, or alter reality. |
| Define mental illness | A disturbance in one’s ability to cope effectively |
| What did early civilizations (Primitive Societies) believe caused mental illness? | Evil spirits and demonic possession. |
| How was mental illness treated in primitive societies? | Through removal of evil spirits |
| How were mentally ill individuals treated socially? | They remained in society if not violent; violent individuals were banished. |
| Where did the Greeks take most of their medical beliefs from? | The Greeks took many of their medical beliefs from other societies |
| According to Hippocrates, mental illness was caused by what? | It was caused by an imbalance of humors (air, fire, water, earth) and that nature was a strong healing force. |
| What are the four humors? | air, fire, water, and earth |
| What were Plato’s views on mental illness? | Life was a balance maintained by the soul: Rational soul (head) Irrational soul (heart and abdomen) Mental illness occurred when the rational soul could not control the irrational soul. |
| What happened around 300 CE regarding care of the sick? | Epidemics led people to seek sanctuary in churches, and hospitals were built to accommodate sufferers. |
| Who cared for the sick during the Dark Ages? | Priests |
| What did early Christians believe about disease? | It was a punishment for witchcraft. |
| How was mental illness treated during the dark ages? | Through exorcisms and religious ceremonies. |
| How was mental illness treated during the Dark Ages? | Through exorcisms and religious ceremonies. |
| What happened in 1130 regarding monks and medicine? | Around 1130, laws were passed forbidding monks to practice medicine because it was considered too disruptive to their way of life. The care of the sick passed back to the community |
| What influence did Arabs have during the Middle Ages? | They had extensive knowledge of drugs and recognized the relationship between emotions and disease. Universities were established. |
| How did the Church explain insanity? | As caused by an outside force; witches were sometimes blamed. |
| What were “lunatic asylums”? | Large institutions where mentally ill individuals were confined. |
| Why were women often accused during witch hunts? | They were thought to carry the devil and stir men’s passions. |
| What marked the official launch of witch hunting in 1487? | Publication of The Witches’ Hammer. |
| Were there safe places for mentally ill individuals during this time? | very few |
| When and where was the first English mental institution founded? | 1247 by the Sheriff of London. |
| What was Bethlehem Royal Hospital (Bedlam)? | A lunatic asylum by 1330. |
| How were patients treated at Bedlam? | Violent patients were chained in small cells and displayed as public entertainment. |
| Q: When did the Renaissance begin? | A: Around 1400 in Italy. |
| Q: What advances occurred in understanding mental illness? | A: Behaviors linked to melancholia, mania, and psychopathology were accurately recorded. |
| Q: What belief emerged about causes of mental illness? | A: It was thought to be caused by brain disorders. |
| Q: Did treatment improve during the Renaissance? | A: No, treatment remained inhumane. |
| Q: What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on mental health care? | A: Many Catholic hospitals closed, and the poor, sick, and insane were turned out onto the streets. |
| Q: What were conditions like for mentally ill individuals in the 17th century? | A: They were at their worst. |
| Q: What treatments were used? | A: Bleeding, starvation, beatings, and purging. |
| Q: What major development occurred in the 18th century? | A: Psychiatry became a separate branch of medicine. |
| Q: What did Philippe Pinel do in 1792? | A: Freed patients from chains and promoted humane treatment. |
| Q: When was the Philadelphia Almshouse built? | 1731 |
| Q: Who improved care in the U.S. in 1884? | A: Alice Fisher. |
| Q: Who was Dr. Benjamin Rush? | A: A crusader for the insane; wrote Diseases of the Mind (first U.S. psychiatric text). |
| Q: Who was Dorothea Dix? | A: Surveyed asylums, jails, and almshouses; improved care of the mentally ill. |
| Q: What system emerged by the late 1800s? | A: A two-class psychiatric system: Private care for the wealthy Public care for others |
| Who wrote A Mind That Found Itself? | A: Clifford Beers. |
| Q: What was formed in 1909? | A: The Committee for Mental Hygiene. |
| Q: What was the focus of The Committee for Mental Hygiene? | A: Removing stigma of mental illness. |
| Q: Who developed psychoanalysis? | A: Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s. |
| Q: What was Freud’s theory based on? | A: Repressed sexual energies and internal/external forces causing mental illness. |
| Q: What happened during WWI regarding mental health? | A: Screening for mental deficiency and early treatment near the front. |
| Q: What treatments emerged during wartime? | A: Amphetamines, insulin coma therapy, ECT, and lobotomy. |
| Q: What did the Hill-Burton Act (1937) fund? | A: Construction of psychiatric units in the U.S. |
| Q: What was established by the National Mental Health Act (1946)? | A: National mental health initiatives; NIMH organized in 1949. |
| Q: What condition became recognized after the Korean and Vietnam Wars? | A: Posttraumatic stress disorders. |
| Q: What are psychotherapeutic drugs? | A: Chemicals that affect the mind. |
| Q: What did John Cade discover? | A: Lithium carbonate controls mood swings in bipolar illness. |
| Q: When was chlorpromazine introduced and for what? | A: 1956; used for schizophrenia and psychoses. |
| Q: Classification of lithium? | A: Mood stabilizer. |
| Q: Therapeutic effects of lithium? | A: Prevents/decreases acute manic episodes. |
| Q: Common adverse effects of lithium? | A: ECG changes, hypothyroidism, GI symptoms, polyuria, tremors, fatigue, impaired memory. |
| Q: Nursing implications for lithium? | A: Assess mental status, I&O, lithium levels; monitor sodium levels. |
| Q: Therapeutic lithium level? | A: 0.6–1.2 mEq/L. |
| Q: Classification of chlorpromazine? | A: First-generation antipsychotic. |
| Q: Uses of chlorpromazine? | A: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe behavior problems in children, N/V, preop sedation. |
| Q: Common side effects of chlorpromazine? | A: Sedation, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, photosensitivity, EPS, TD. |
| Q: Important considerations? | A: Hepatotoxicity risk, lowers seizure threshold, avoid alcohol, use sunscreen. |
| Q: What is deinstitutionalization? | A: Movement to treat mentally ill individuals in community settings. |
| Q: How did institutional numbers change? | From 560,000 in 1955, the number of institutionalized patients dropped to fewer than 120,000 people by 1994 Today, fewer than 38,000 psychiatric beds remain in the U.S. |
| Q: Name key mental health legislation. | see powerpoint (last slide) |
Created by:
lemonlakisha