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10B English Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Spirit of Exploration | Belief in discovery and expansion that encouraged Americans to explore and settle new territories in the 1800s. |
| Westward Expansion | The 19th-century movement of settlers westward for land, opportunity, and economic growth. |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that the United States was divinely destined to expand to the Pacific Ocean. |
| Expansion into Mexican Territory | U.S. territorial growth that led to conflict with Mexico and the Mexican-American War. |
| Indian Removal Act | 1830 law signed by Andrew Jackson that forced Native American tribes to move west of the Mississippi River. |
| Growth of Industry | Increase in factories, railroads, and manufacturing during the 1800s. |
| Industrial Revolution (United States) | Shift from farming to factory-based manufacturing that increased urbanization and technology. |
| American Romanticism | Literary movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, nature, and individuality over reason. |
| Individuality (Romanticism) | Belief that each person is unique and should trust their own inner voice. |
| Common Man as the Hero | Romantic idea that ordinary people are worthy of being central figures in literature. |
| Nature as a Source of Spirituality | Belief that nature connects humans to truth and the divine. |
| Imagination Over Reason | Romantic belief that creativity and emotion are more important than logic. |
| Looking to the Past for Wisdom | Romantic tendency to value history, myth, and tradition for guidance. |
| Early American Romantics | Writers inspired by nature who emphasized emotion and celebrated the individual spirit. |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Fireside Poet who wrote narrative poems celebrating American history. |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. | Poet known for moral themes and patriotic writing. |
| John Greenleaf Whittier | Abolitionist poet who wrote about morality and social reform. |
| Fireside Poets | Group of American poets whose works were read aloud at home and focused on morality, patriotism, and nature. |
| Transcendentalism | Intellectual movement that emphasized individual dignity, intuition, simple living, and a close relationship with nature. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Leader of Transcendentalism who wrote “Self-Reliance,” encouraging independence and trust in oneself. |
| Henry David Thoreau | Transcendentalist who practiced simple living and argued for resisting unjust laws. |
| Walden | Thoreau’s book about living simply in nature at Walden Pond. |
| Civil Disobedience | Essay arguing that individuals must refuse to follow unjust laws. |
| Belief in Inherent Goodness (Transcendentalism) | Idea that people are naturally good. |
| Intuition (Transcendentalism) | Belief that inner insight leads to true knowledge. |
| Simple Living (Transcendentalism) | Focus on spiritual well-being over material wealth. |
| Self-Reliance (Transcendentalism) | Belief in independence and trusting oneself rather than society. |
| American Gothic (“Brooding” Poets) | Dark branch of Romanticism that explored sin, guilt, evil, and the supernatural. |
| View of Human Nature (American Gothic) | Belief that humans are not naturally good and have the capacity for evil. |
| Supernatural Elements (American Gothic) | Use of fantasy, horror, and mysterious events in literature. |
| Focus on Inner Psychology (American Gothic) | Exploration of characters’ motivations, fears, and emotional struggles. |
| John Steinbeck | American author who wrote about working-class people, poverty, injustice, and life n California. |
| Of Mice and Men | Novel set during the Great Depression about two migrant workers chasing the American Dream. |
| The Great Depression (1929–late 1930s) | Severe economic crisis in which millions lost jobs, homes, and savings. |
| Migrant Workers (1930s) | Men who traveled from ranch to ranch seeking short-term work with low pay and poor living conditions. |
| Life on 1930s Ranches | Strict hierarchy; workers lived in bunkhouses, owned few belongings, and often experienced loneliness and conflict. |
| The American Dream (OMAM context) | Belief that hard work leads to success; in the novel, the dream feels fragile and often unattainable. |
| George Milton | Small, quick-witted migrant worker who protects and cares for Lennie; dreams of owning land. |
| Lennie Small | Large, physically strong man with a mental disability; loves soft things and depends on George. |
| Candy | Aging ranch worker missing a hand; fears being useless and wants to join George and Lennie’s dream. |
| Curley | The boss’s aggressive son; insecure and constantly trying to prove his toughness. |
| Curley’s Wife | Lonely woman who dreams of becoming a movie star; never given a name, symbolizing her lack of identity. |
| Slim | Skilled mule driver respected by all workers; represents natural leadership and wisdom. |
| Crooks | Black stable buck isolated because of racism; bitter but intelligent and perceptive. |
| Carlson | Ranch worker who values practicality over emotion; shoots Candy’s old dog. |
| Why George Shoots Lennie | To spare Lennie from a painful, vengeful death and to take responsibility for his friend. |
| Loneliness (Major Theme) . | Most characters live in isolation and crave companionship. |
| Friendship | George and Lennie’s bond contrasts with the loneliness of other characters. |
| Power and Powerlessness | Curley uses physical aggression; Crooks and Curley’s wife lack power due to racism and sexism. |
| Dreams and Disappointment | Nearly every character has a dream, but most are crushed by reality. |
| Prejudice | Racism (Crooks), sexism (Curley’s wife), ageism (Candy), and ableism (Lennie). |
| Economic Hardship | Characters struggle to survive during the Great Depression |
| Foreshadowing in OMAM | Clues that hint at Lennie’s accidental violence and the tragic ending. |
| Symbolism | Objects and events represent larger ideas (example: Candy’s dog symbolizes aging and mercy killing). |
| The Farm Dream (Symbolism) | Represents hope, freedom, independence, and the American Dream. |
| Lennie’s Puppy | Symbolizes innocence and the danger of uncontrolled strength. |
| The Riverbank | Symbolizes safety and the beginning and end of the story. |
| How does Steinbeck use characterization in OMAM | Steinbeck develops characters through dialogue, actions, and dialect. |
| Dialect in OMAM | Use of 1930s ranch slang to show realism and social class differences. |
| Motif in OMAM | Repeated references to dreams and loneliness reinforce the novel’s themes. |
| Flat Characters | A character who is not very complicated and does not really change throughout the story |
| Round Characters | A deep or layered character who undergoes development or change throughout the story |
| What was the Great Migration (1916–1970)? | The Great Migration (1916–1970) was the movement of about 6 million African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North, Midwest, and West for jobs and to escape racism |
| Why did many African Americans leave the South during the Great Migration (1916–1970)? | They left to escape racial violence and segregation and to find better industrial job opportunities in northern cities like Chicago. |
| What is deindustrialization? | Deindustrialization is the loss of industrial jobs when factories close or move away, causing unemployment and economic decline. |
| What does desegregation mean? | Desegregation means ending racial separation in schools, housing, and public places. |
| What happened in Ghana in 1959? | In 1959, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence from European rule. |
| What was apartheid? | Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. |
| What was the African National Congress (ANC)? | The ANC was a South African political organization that fought against apartheid. |
| Who was Lorraine Hansberry (1930–1965)? | Lorraine Hansberry (1930–1965) was an American playwright who wrote about racial inequality, housing discrimination, poverty, and dreams. |
| What inspired Lorraine Hansberry’s writing? | As a child in Chicago, her family fought housing segregation when they moved into a white neighborhood. |
| What is A Raisin in the Sun (1959) about? | It is about a Black family in Chicago struggling with poverty, racism, housing discrimination, and their dreams for a better life. |
| Why is A Raisin in the Sun (1959) historically important? | It was the first play written by a Black woman produced on Broadway in 1959. |
| What inspired the title A Raisin in the Sun (1959)? | The title comes from the 1951 poem “Harlem” by Langston Hughes (1902–1967), which asks what happens to a dream deferred. |
| What is a tenement apartment? | A small, cramped, overcrowded apartment in an urban area, often poorly maintained with shared bathrooms. |
| What happened in the United States after 1945 (Post–World War II)? | After 1945, the U.S. experienced economic growth and prosperity, but minorities often did not share equally in these opportunities. |
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