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PBS 2.1.3 - Physica
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structures | Includes the pinna/auricle, external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum). |
| Tympanic Membrane Landmarks | The translucent membrane allows visualization of the malleus (manubrium), umbo, cone of light, and pars tensa/flaccida. |
| Middle Ear Structures | Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) are behind the membrane. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx to equalize pressure. |
| Inner Ear | Cochlea (hearing) and semicircular canals (balance). |
| Acute Otitis Media | Characterized by a red, bulging, and immobile tympanic membrane, often with pain and decreased hearing |
| Ophthalmoscope | A tool used to examine the interior of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and macula. |
| Visual Acuity | Assessed using tools like the Snellen chart, which measures how well a patient can see at a distance |
| Conjunctivitis | nflammation of the conjunctiva (membrane lining the eye). Symptoms include red/pink eye, discharge, irritation, and itching |
| Redness | Due to increased blood flow (vasodilation) |
| Swelling | Caused by fluid accumulation in tissue. |
| Heat | Increased blood flow, making the area warm. |
| Pain | Mediated by chemicals (e.g., prostaglandins) and tissue |
| Tonsils | Lymphoid tissue located on the sides of the oropharynx. |
| Uvula | The small, fleshy structure hanging at the back of the soft palate. |
| Pharynx | Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Tongue | Moves food, assists in speech, and is examined for lesions. |
| A - Asymmetry | One half does not match the other. |
| B - Border | Irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred edges. |
| C - Color | Not uniform; shades of brown, black, or red/white/blue. |
| D - Diameter | Greater than 6mm (roughly a pencil eraser). |
| E - Evolving | Changing in size, shape, or color over time. |
| Malignant Melanoma | Often presents with these features (ABCDE). |
| Benign Moles | Usually symmetrical, uniform in color, with smooth borders. |
| Intercostal Space | Spaces between ribs used for landmarking. |
| S1 | Closure of mitral/tricuspid valves (start of systole |
| S2 | Closure of aortic/pulmonic valves (end of systole). |
| Aortic | 2nd ICS, right sternal border. |
| Pulmonic | 2nd ICS, left sternal border. |
| Tricuspid | Musical, high-pitched, continuous sound, usually on exhalation |
| Mitral | 5th ICS, mid-clavicular line (apex |
| Wheezing | Musical, high-pitched, continuous sound, usually on exhalation (narrowed airways). |
| Crackles | Discontinuous, rattling, or bubbling sounds, often on inhalation (fluid in small airways). |
| Rhonchi | Low-pitched, continuous, snoring-like sound (large airway obstruction/mucus). |
| Stridor | High-pitched, harsh sound, primarily on inspiration (upper airway obstruction) |
| Trachea | The windpipe (16-20 cartilaginous rings). |
| Larynx | The voice box, protecting the lower airway. |
| Lungs | Main organ of respiration. |
| Bronchi / Bronchioles | Conducting airways leading to the lungs. |
| Alveoli | Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. |
| Pleura | Membrane surrounding the lungs. |
| Diaphragm | Muscle below the lungs, key to inhalation/exhalation |
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