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HW- Ch 9A.1 (268-276
quiz on 2/23/26
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antibody | protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen |
| antigen | substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual |
| bile pigment | substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver |
| cytokine | chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells |
| dendritic cell | specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system |
| immunocompetent | possessing the ability to develop an immune response |
| natural killer cells | specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| thrombocytes | platelets |
| blastic | stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to embryonic forms of all blood cell types |
| the development of blood cells into their mature forms | hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis |
| RBC | red blood cell |
| erythropoeisis | during RBC development they decrease in size and, just before reaching maturity, extrude their nuclei. |
| hemoglobin | they develop a specialized iron-containing compound |
| hemosiderin | where hemoglobin breaks down into an iron compound called hemosiderin and several bile pigments |
| phagocytosis | where the leukocytes are crucial to the body's defense against disease because of their ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles |
| diapedesis | white blood cells (WBCs) migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces. |
| granulocytes | a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm |
| agranulocytes | a category of white blood cells (leukocytes) characterized by the absence of distinct granules in their cytoplasm and a non-lobulated (mononuclear) nucleus. |
| neutrophils | the most abundant type of white blood cell, acting as the immune system's primary, first-responder defense against infections, particularly bacteria and fungi |
| eosinophils | Eosinophils are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell that act as a key part of the immune system, particularly in fighting parasitic infections and triggering allergic responses |
| basophils | Basophils are the rarest type of white blood cell, making up less than 1% of total white blood cells, that play a key role in the immune system's response to allergens and parasites. |
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) | A type of white blood cell, primarily neutrophils, that act as the immune system's first line of defense, particularly against bacterial infections |
| mononuclear lymphocytes (MNLs) | , are a category of white blood cells (leukocytes) characterized by having a single, round, non-lobed nucleus. They are a critical component of the immune system responsible for fighting infection and regulating immune responses |
| monocytes | performs mildly phagocytic function and becomes a macrophage when it enters tissue and functions in immunity |
| lymphocytes | provides acquired immunity |
| platelets (thrombocytes) | the smallest formed elements found in blood |
| thromboplastin | clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue release thromboplastin, a substance that initiates clot formation |
| fibrinogen | a soluble blood protein |
| plasma proteins | fibrinogen, globulins, albumins |
| lypmh | a fluid in the lymphatic system |
| lymph vessels | a network of transporting vessels |
| interstitial/ tissue fluid | resembles plasma but contains slightly less protein |
| lymph capillaries | tiny, thin-walled, blind-ended, one-way vessels that permeate tissues to collect interstitial fluid, cellular debris, and pathogens, converting them into lymph. |
| lymph nodes | small, bean-shaped immune system organs (400–800 in the body) that filter lymphatic fluid, trapping bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells to help the body fight infections. |
| spleen | resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents |
| thymus | located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum) |
| mediastinum | chest |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx |
| pathogens | disease causing organisms |
| innate immunity | first type of immune defense |
| acquired immunity | second type of immune disease |
| immunity | numerous body defenses that work together to protect against diseases |
| nonspecfic | innate immune systems is also considered non specific |
| first-line barriers | keeps pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions |
| second-line barriers | stops the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation |
| develops only after birth in an immunocompetent individual and is a lifelong monitoring system | acquired or adaptive immunity |
| macrophages | essential, long-lived white blood cells of the innate immune system that act as first responders, phagocytosing (engulfing) bacteria, debris, and damaged cells |
| antigen-presenting cell | specialized immune cells—primarily dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells—that engulf, process, and display foreign antigens on their surface via MHC molecules to T lymphocytes. |
| humoral immunity | an antibody-mediated adaptive immune response, driven by B lymphocytes (B cells) that mature into plasma cells to produce specific antibodies (immunoglobulins) against extracellular pathogens, such as bacteria and toxins |
| antibody immunity | where specialized proteins called antibodies (immunoglobulins) are produced by B-cells to identify and neutralize foreign antigens like bacteria, viruses, toxins, ect. |
| cellular immunity | an immune response that eliminates intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria, as well as cancerous cells, without using antibodies |
| b cells | functions in humoral immunity, originates in bone marrow, protects against extracellular antigens and responds to stimulation by a compatible T cell |
| plasma cells | creates specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molecules called antigen-antibody complexes |
| memory b cells | retreat to lymphatic systems and remains prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen |
| t cells | functions in cellular immunity, originates in bone marrow and matures in lymphatic system, protects against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells |
| cytotoxic T (CD8) cells | determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it |
| helper T (CD4) cells | provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity and produces cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system, requires a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system |
| suppressor T cells | monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves |
| memory T cells | migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear |
| active immunity | long lasting immunity |
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