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Chapter 27 LT
Biodiversity Spring 2026- Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Bacteria and Archaea? | They are prokaryotes --> they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| What are Eukarya? | Eukaryotes --> they have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| What are the differences between Bacteria/Archaea and Eukarya? | Bacteria/Archaea are prokaryotes Eukarya are eukaryotes |
| Are archaea more closely related to eukarya or bacteria? What is that based on? | Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than to Bacteria Based on similarities in ribosomes, histones, and RNA polymerase Bacteria and Archaea belong to two separate domains |
| What does bacteria and archaea belonging to two separate domains show? | Shows that prokaryotes are polyphyletic (do not share a single recent common ancestor) |
| What is the role of prokaryotes: decomposers? | Break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients |
| What is the role of prokaryotes: producers? What is an example? | Photosynthetic bacteria produce organic matter Cyanobacteria |
| What is the role of prokaryotes: nitrogen fixers? | Convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants |
| What is the role of prokaryotes: pathogens? | Causes diseases |
| What is the role of prokaryotes: symbioses? | Form close relationships with other organisms |
| What are the types of symbioses? | Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism |
| What is mutualism? | Both organisms benefit from the close relationship |
| What is commensalism? | One organism benefits from the close relationship, the other is unaffected |
| What is parasitism? | One organism benefits from the close relationship, the other is harmed |
| What are the mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer? | Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
| Transformation definition related to horizontal gene transfer | Uptake of free DNA from the environment |
| Transduction definition related to horizontal gene transfer | Transfer via viruses |
| Conjugation definition related to horizontal gene transfer | Direct cell-to-cell transfer |
| What is the importance of horizontal gene transfer? | Increases genetic diversity Allows rapid adaptation Plays a major role in evolution, including the evolution of eukaryotic cells |
| What are the shapes of bacteria | Cocci- spherical Bacilli- rods Comma-shaped Spiral-shaped |
| What are the cell wall types? | Gram-positive Gram-negative |
| Gram-positive cell wall traits | Thick peptidoglycan, stains purple, sensitive to penicillin |
| Gram-negative cell wall traits | Thin peptidoglycan, resistant to penicillin |
| What are the modes of nutrition for prokaryotes? | Photoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoautotroph Chemoheterotroph |
| What is energy source of photoautoroph? What is the carbon source? What is an example? | Light (energy source) CO2 (carbon source) Cyanobacteria (example) |
| What is energy source of photoheterotroph? What is the carbon source? | Light (energy source) Organic carbon (carbon source) |
| What is energy source of chemoautotroph? What is the carbon source? | Chemicals (energy source) CO2 (carbon source) |
| What is energy source of chemoheterotroph? What is the carbon source? | Chemicals (energy source) Organic carbon (carbon source) |
| What are the responses to oxygen of prokaryotes? | Aerobic Anaerobic Facultative anaerobe Aerotolerant anaerobe |
| What does an aerobic prokaryote mean? | Requires oxygen |
| What does an anaerobic prokaryote mean? | Cannot tolerate oxygen |
| What does an facultative anaerobe prokaryote mean? | Can use oxygen or not |
| What does an aerotolerant anaerobe prokaryote mean? | Does not oxygen but tolerate it |
| Define halophile | Thrives in high salt |
| Define extremophile | Lives in extreme environment |
| Define thermophile | Thrives in high temperatures |
| Define methanogen | Produces methane, lives without oxygen |
| Define decomposer | Breaks down dead material |
| Define nitrogen fixation | Conversion of N2 into usable nitrogen |
| Define aerobic | Requires oxygen |
| Define anaerobic | Lives without oxygen |
| Define photoautotroph | Uses light and CO2 |
| Define photoheterotroph | Uses light and organic carbon |
| Define chemoautotroph | Uses chemicals and CO2 |
| Define chemoheterotroph | Uses chemicals and organic carbon |
| Define transformation | Uptake of DNA from environment |
| Define transduction | Gene transfer via viruses |
| Define conjugation | DNA transfer by cell-to-cell contact |
| Define mutualism | Both organisms benefit |
| Define commensalism | One benefits, other unaffected |
| Define parasitism | One benefits, one harmed |
Created by:
KristenR2025