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Patho unit 2 set 1
Immunology, microbiology, immune disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innate resistance | First and second lines of defence that are not specific |
| First line | Barrier to invasion |
| First line examples (list of five) | skin and epithelium, hair and cilia, mucus and tears, stomach acid, normal flora |
| Second line | inflammation |
| Neutrophils (second line ) | Multi lobed, phagocytic, pus forming granulocyte |
| Eosiniphils (second line) | Bilobed, phagocytic, parasite/allergy granulocyte |
| Mast cells (second line) | tissue cells that secrete histamine, CFs, LTs, PGs, PAF |
| Platelets (second line) | Blood formed elements that help mediate and clean up inflammation |
| Mast cells secrete | histamine - vaso dilator CF- Chemotactile factors LT- Leukotrienes PG- Prostaglandins PAF - Platelet Activating factor |
| Macrophages (second line) | large phagocytes that alert 3rd line cells using MHC II molecules |
| Protein Cascades | Complement and coagulation |
| inflammatory cells. and proteins | Neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, platelets, Macrophages, Protein cascades |
| Inflammation | redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function |
| Steps of inflammation | 1. vasodilation 2. increased vascular permeability 3. white blood cell adherence |
| Signs of inflammation | fever, leukocytosis, elevated, proteins (APR, ESR) |
| Symptoms of inflammation | Swelling, pain/ itching/tenderness, warmth, Lof ( loss of function) |
| Complement | inflammatory proteins made by the liver |
| opsonize | acts as anaphylatoxins, chemotactic factors, killers |
| C3b | Opsonizer |
| third line | humoral ( B-cells) and cell mediated (T-cell) immunity |
| Lymphocytes | t-cells and b-cells |
| T-cells | cytotoxic (CD8) and helper (CD4) ; Th1 v.s. Th2 ; targets HIV |
| B-cells | Antibody production, MHC II molecules, mature into plasma cells |
| MHC | Major Histocompatibility complex |
| MHC I | All nucleated cells, reacts with CD8 cells only |
| MCH II | Macrophages and b-cells, only reacts with CD4 cells |
| Antibodies (Abs) | proteins made by b-cells; highly specific for antigens |
| Function of antibodies | Neutralize, opsonize, agglutinate, precipitate, activate complement |
| Immunoglobin G (IgG) | Most predominate, crosses placenta, main memory Ig, present in breast milk |
| Immunoglobin M (IgM) | Pentamer, main Ig in initial exposure |
| Immunoglobin A (IgA) | Dimer, main secretory Ig , Similar to border patrol, mainly in respiratory and digestive tracts |
| Antigen (Ag) | a chemical tag that is seen as self or foreign |
| Antigenicity | Foreignness |
| Clonal Selection | Refers to the activation and proliferation of a particular lymphocyte |
| Clone | The specific lymphocyte seen in high numbers |
| Interleukins (IL) & Interferons (IFN) | substances that modulate immunity |
| IL1 | released by macrophages,promotes fever, activates phagocytes and lymphocytes |
| IL2 | Released by Th-cells to promote proliferation of more Th-cells |
| IL4 | promotes humoral immunity |
| IL6 | promotes APR synthesis by liver |
| IL12 | promotes CMI |
| IFNa | Released by macrophages, has antiviral properties |
| IFNy | Released by macrophages, has antiviral properties |
| Immunity | Active/passive, natural/acquired |
| AN | Exposure leads to immunity |
| AA | Vaccination with prepared Ag |
| PN | Maternal Abs protecting the fetus |
| PA | Injection/transplant of exogenous Ab |
| Hemostasis | stopping blood loss |
| there steps of hemostasis | 1. vasospasm 2. platelet plug formation 3.coagulation cascades |
| Intrinsic cascade (H) | initiated by platelets |
| Extrinsic cascade (C) | initiated by tissues |
| two types of wound healing | resolution and repair |
| resolution | Damage is minor enough to heal without a scar |
| repair | Scar required to replace damaged tissue |
| Viruses and prisons | non-living creatures |
| GPC | Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp |
| GPR | Clostridium spp |
| GNC | Neisseria spp |
| Acid fast | Mycobacteria spp |
| Spirochete | Syphilis, Lyme disease |
| Viruses | RNA or DNA |
| RNA viruses | HIV, Covid-19 |
| DNA viruses | HPV, Herpesviruses |
| Fungi | Molds, yeasts, dimorphic |
| Dimorphic | Candida albicans |
| Protists | Worms, parasites |
| Plasmodium spp | associated with malaria |
| Giardia lamblia | associated with drinking contaminated water |
| Antibiotics | Meds designed to attack features unique to bacteria |
| Cell wall synthesis | Penicillins (PCNs), cephalosporins |
| Plasma membrane | Polymyxins |
| Protein synthesis | Tetracyclines, Doxycycline |
| Nucleic acid synthesis | Quinolones |
| Energy metabolism | Trimethoprim (TMP) |
| Hypersensitivity reactions | Type I (IgE mediated), Type II (Tissue specific) , Type III (Immune complex) , Type IV (Cell mediated) |
| Type I (IgE mediated) | associated with asthma |
| Type II (Tissue specific) | associated with graves disease |
| Type III (Immune complex) | associated with SLE ( systemic lupus erythemetosins) |
| Type IV (Cell mediated) | associated with poison ivy, T-cells |
| graft rejection | graft verses host disease |
Created by:
Reece_w