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Psych 1100 - Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The two wings of psychology | First person subjective and third person objective |
| First Person Subjective | Refers to the point of view in which an individual experiences thoughts, feelings, and perceptions from their own unique perspective |
| Third Person Objective | Focuses strictly on external, observable behaviors |
| Scientific Method | Self-correcting cycle of theory, hypothesis, research, analysis |
| Empirical | Data you can observe and measure through the five senses |
| Natural Science | Developed to measure, predict, and control objects |
| Qualitative | Uses words, themes, and rich description to seek depth of understanding in context |
| Quantitative | Uses numbers, statistics, and measurement to seek patterns across large groups |
| Nature vs. Nurture | Are we shaped by innate biology or experience? |
| Mind-Body Problem | Are the mind and brain separate or are they the same thing? |
| Who founded the first psych lab? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| Structuralism | Aimed to understand the mind's basic components (sensations, images, feelings) by breaking down conscious experience into its simplest elements |
| Who published the first psychology textbook in America? | William James |
| Functionalism | Focuses on the purpose of consciousness, the mind, and behavior rather than its structural components - why did the consciousness evolve? |
| Psychoanalysis | Unconscious mind, childhood conflicts, and repressed desires as drivers of behavior through analysis of dreams, free association, and talk therapy |
| Focus of Psychoanalysis | Importance of early experience and mental conflict |
| Behaviorism | Observable behavior only --> behavior is shaped by learning (including associations (classical conditioning) and consequences (operant conditioning) |
| Focus of Behaviorism | Made psych rigorously scientific; applies to education, therapy, and training |
| Humanistic Psychology | Human potential, free will, and growth. People are inherently good and strive for self-actualization. Uses client centered therapy and hierarchy of needs. |
| Focus of Humanistic Psychology | on 1st person perspective and subjective well-being |
| The Cognitive Revolution | Psych began to study the mental process again (thinking, memory, perception). |
| Focus of the Cognitive Revolution | How we interpret events influences our behavior and emotion |
| Stroop Effect | Cognitive interference in color naming (ex. when the ink color and the word don not match, the response time is slower. |
| Accuracy | Gather information precisely with as little error as possible |
| Objectivity | Obtain and evaluate information in a manner that is free of bias |
| Skepticism | Accepting findings as accurate only if found repeatedly |
| Open-mindedness | Willingness to change one's views if data suggests those views are inaccurate |
| Theory | model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explain what is observed and makes predictions about future events |
| Hypothesis | Specific, testable prediction |
| 7 Step Scientific Method | 1. Pose a question 2. Research question 3. Form hypothesis 4. Design a study 5. Conduct the study 6. Analyze the data 7. Report results |
| Variable | Something that can vary, be manipulated, and/or measured |
| Operational Definition | Describes and measures a variable |
| Construct | Abstract concept that isn't directly measurable |
| Replication | Repetition of a study to confirm the results |
| Small Samples | Might not match population of interest well |
| HARKing | Hypothesizing after results are already known |
| P-hacking | running many different statistical analysis until one is significant |
| Underreporting Null Effects | Choosing not to publish non-significant results |
| Open Science | Sharing research materials, data, and reports freely |
| Meta-analysis | Studies that combine results of many separate studies to look at the broader picture |
| Descriptive Method Examples | Naturalistic observation, interviews, self report |
| Correlation Method Example | Survey |
| Experimental Method Examples | Lab and field experiments |
| Descriptive Research | Involve observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically |
| Case study | Descriptive research that involves intense examination of an unusual person or organization |
| Observational studies | Observes subject in their environemnt |
| Participant Observation | Researcher is involved |
| Naturalistic Observation | Researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter on going behavior |
| Behavior has to be ___ and ___ | Mutually exclusive and exhaustive |
| Correlation Studies | A research method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related |
| Correlation Studies cannot ____ | draw conclusions from them |
| Directionality Problem | When researchers find a relationship between two variables, but cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other |
| Third Variable Problem | When researchers cannot directly manipulate variables (cannot be confident that another variable is not the actual cause) |
| Experiment | A research method that tests causal hypothesis by manipulating and measuring variables |
| Independent Variable | The variable that researchers can manipulate |
| Dependent Variable | The variable that researchers can measure how it is affected by the independent variable |
| Control Group | A group of participants that receive no intervention or a placebo |
| Confound | Anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of a study |
| Random Sampling | Each person in population of interest has an EQUAL chance of being recruited into the study |
| Random Assignment | Each participant has equal chance of being assigned to either condition |
| Condition | Different levels or versions of an independent variable that participants experience |
| Convenience Sampling | Easy to recruit |
| Validity | Accuracy |
| Construct Validity | The extent to which the operational variables accurately represent the theoretical constructs |
| Statistic Validity | The degree to which conclusions are drawn from statistical analysis is accurate and reliable |
| Internal Validity | The degree to which you can be confident that changes in the dependent variable were caused only by your manipulation |
| External Validity | The extent to which the findings for a sample and the study's conclusion can be generalized to other people, settings, and times |
| 19th Century Pseudoscience | Claimed personality traits and mental faculties could be determined by measuring skull shape and bumps |
| Molecular Level | Neurotransmitters - Chemical communication and cellular regulation |
| Cellular Level | Neurons - Information processing and transmission |
| Synaptic Level | Synapses - communication between neurons |
| Microcircuit Level | Local neural circuits - basic information processing |
| Brain Region/Nucleus Level | Discrete brain areas with specific functions - specialized processing modules |
| Neural Network Level | Distributed systems of interconnected regions |
| Hemispherical Level | Left and right cerebral hemispheres - lateralized processing and intergration |
| Whole Brain Level | Complete central nervous system |
| Brain-Body Level | Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system - body wide coordination |
| Sensory Neurons | Send input from sensory areas to the brain and spinal cord |
| Motor Neurons | Send input from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands |
| Interneurons | Carry info between other neurons |
| Synapses | Connection between neurons |
| Acetylcholine | Enables muscle action, learning, and memory |
| Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (excess --> schizophrenia) |
| Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal (too little --> depression) |
| Norepinephrine | Controls alertness and arousal (too little affects mood negatively) |
| Agonists | Drugs that excite communication and mimic neurotransmitters |
| Antagonists | Drugs that inhibit communication and block neurotransmitters |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Involuntary "fight-or-flight" response to stress, danger, or intense physical activity |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Acting as the body’s "rest and digest" system |
| Hindbrain | Structures that direct essential survival functions, such as our breathing, sleeping, arousal, coordination, and balance |
| Midbrain | Controls some movement and transmits information that enables seeing and hearing |
| Forebrain | Manages complex cognitive activities, sensory, and associative function, and voluntary motor activities |
| Frontal Lobe Functions | Executive functioning (ex. decision making) Motor control Speech production Personality + emotional regulation Working memory and attention |
| Parietal Lobe Functions | Somatosensory processing (touch, temperature) Spacial awareness and navigation Integrating sensory information Number processing and mathematical reasoning |
| Temporal Lobe Functions | Auditory processing Language comprehension Memory Formation and retrieval Object and face recognition Emotion processing |
| Occipital Lobe Function | Visual processing Early visual analysis Visual recognition pathways |
| Corpus Callosum | Thick bundle of neural fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| Contralateral Organization | Each hemisphere controls and receives imput from the opposite side of the body |
| Qualia | Individual and subjective experiences of consciousness - each person experiences consciousness personally |
| Consciousness | moment to moment subjective experience of the world (awareness + attention) |
| Change Blindness | Failure to notice large changes in one's environment |
| Endogenous Attention | Attention that is directly voluntary |
| Exogenous Attention | Attention that is directly involuntary by a stimulus |
| Selective Processing | Content from unattended ear can affect interpretation of attended ear |
| Automatic Processing | A task so well learned that we can do it without much attention |
| Controlled Processing | Slower than automatic processing (ex. driving in a snowstorm) |
| Flow States | Total engagement in an act - lack of self-referential awareness, timelines, and oneness (ex. runner's high) |
| Hypnosis | A social interaction during which a person responding to suggestions, experiences, changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
| Induction | Hypnotist makes suggestions |
| Posthypnotic Suggestion | Suggestions that affect behavior after hypnosis |
| Sociocognitive Theory | Subjects are role playing/acting how they believe subjects are supposed to act |
| Neodissociation Theory | Conscious awareness is separated from other aspects of consciousness (trance like state) |
| Hypnosis for pain | Doesn't reduce the sensation, but alters the interpretation |
| The Causation Problem | The fundamental difficulty of proving that one event (cause) directly produces another (effect), rather than being mere coincidence or correlation |
| Epiphenomenon | Secondary effect that arises from, but does not casually influence a process |
| Reductionism | Belief that higher level disciplines, such as biology or psychology can be reduced to lower order disciplines, such as chemistry or physics |
| Sentience | Ability to be aware, feel pain, have conscious experience, and perceive |
| Sleep | A reversible, periodic, naturally occurring state of reduced consciousness, and perceptual disengagement from the external environment |
| Circadian Rhythms | Biological patterns that occur at regular intervals as a function of time of day |
| Waking state brain eaves | Beta (short, frequent, irregular signals) and Alpha (activity slows) |
| First stage sleep waves | Theta (light sleep) |
| Second stage sleep waves | Theta (sleep spindles, k-complexes) |
| Third stage sleep waves | Delta (hard to wake and disoriented) |
| REM | Rapid eye movement, paralysis of motor systems, dreaming |
| Dreams | Altered state of consciousness in which images and fantasies are confused with reality |
| Hypnogogic State | Right before you fall asleep, very dreamlike, but still awake |
| Myoclonic Jerk | Jerking as you are falling asleep |
| Freud's Dream Theory | Dreams contain hidden content representing unconscious conflicts |
| Manifest Content | Plot of dreams |
| Latent Content | What the dream symbolizes (material disguised to protect dreamer from confronting conflict directly) |
| Activation-Synthesis Theory | Brain tries to make sense of random brain activity during sleep, synthesizes activity with stored memories |
| Restorative Theory | Sleep is essential for the body and brain to repair, rejuvenate, and recover from the physical and mental exertion of daily life |
| Circadian Rhythm Theory | Circadian rhythm is the 24-hour internal clock in our brain that regulates cycles of alertness and sleepiness by responding to light changes in our environment |
| Sensation | Physical process to psychological, where sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimulus energies from the environment (biological process) |
| Perception | Making sense of sensation, the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information |
| Bottom up processing | Perception based on the physical features of the stimulus |
| Top down processing | How knowledge, expectations, or past experiences shape the interpretation of sensory information |
| Transduction | Transform energy in the world (sensation) into a signal the brain can understand (perception) |
| Absolute Threshold | Minimum amount of stimulation to experience a sensation |
| Difference Threshold | Minimum amount of change required for a person to detect difference between two stimuli |
| Weber's law | Noticeable difference is proportional rather than fixed amount |
| Synesthesia | Condition where senses are combines in unusual ways - experiencing colors when reading letters |
| Sensory Adaptation | After constant stimulation, sensitivity decreases (nose blindness) |
| Chemical Senses | Identify things that should be consumed for survival or harmful and should be rejected |
| Gustation | Taste: bitter, sweet, sour, salty, umami |
| Olfaction | Smell |
| Audition | Hearing; sense of sound perception |
| Sound Wave | Pattern of changes in air pressure during a period of time |
| Wave Amplitude | Loudness |
| Wave Frequency | Hertz |
| Vestibular System | Perception of balance determined by receptors in the inner ear |
| Haptic Sense | The active, physical exploration of the environment using touch, combining skin sensations (texture, temperature) with muscle movement (weight, position) to understand objects |
| Pain Receptors | Two kinds of nerve fibers: Fast fibers: sharp, immediate pain Slow fibers: chronic, dull, steady, pain |
| Gate Control Theory | Pain involves biological, psychological, and cultural factors |
| Vision | Transforms light energy into a neural impulse (color, shape, size, location) |
| Wavelength of light (frequency) | Color |
| Amplitude of light | Intensity/brightness |
| Photoreceptors | Transduce (convert) the energy in light into a neural response |
| Cones | Permit color vision in bright light and are concentrated in the center of the eye |
| Rods | Permit vision in dim light and are in the periphery (not in the fovea) |
| Fovea | The pinhead-size area of the retina that is in the most direct line of sight |
| Blind Spot | Region with no rods or cones |
| Trichromatic Theory | Color vision results from activity in 3 different types of cones that are sensitive to different wavelengths |
| Monochromats | Have none of one functioning cone and respond to light like black and white film |
| Dichromats | Have two functioning cone systems |
| Opponent Processing Theory | Proposes that we have different types of color opponent cells |
| Complementary Afterimage | An optical illusion where a color, often viewed for 15-30 seconds, persists in its complementary (opposite) hue on a neutral background |
| Hue | consisting of the distinctive characteristics that place a particular color in the spectrum |
| Saturation | the purity of the color |
| Lightness | the color’s perceived intensity - the lightness of a visual stimulus is determined by the brightness of the stimulus relative to its surroundings. |
Created by:
kyra9