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Unit 2 Ap Gov

TermDefinition
Chief Executive The role of the president as head of the executive branch of the government.
Qualifications of the U.S. President Natural-born citizen.
Cabinet A group of the President's top advisors consisting of the heads of executive departments, the vice president, and selected officials.
Presidential Powers (list) Runs executive branch; Commander in Chief; makes treaties; appoints officials; vetoes laws; grants pardons.
Executive Branch The branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, headed by the President.
Pardon Power The president’s ability to grant clemency or forgiveness for federal offenses.
Chief of State The president’s role as ceremonial leader of the country.
Benefits of the Cabinet Provides specialized knowledge and advice to help implement policies effectively.
Presidential Powers (definition) Authority granted by the Constitution including formal and informal powers.
Pocket Veto When the president does not sign a bill within 10 days and Congress adjourns, preventing it from becoming law.
Commander in Chief The president’s role as supreme leader of the armed forces.
Treaty-Making Power The president negotiates and signs treaties, subject to Senate ratification (2/3 vote).
Chief Legislator The president’s role in influencing the legislative process and shaping policy.
Informal Powers Influence not explicitly stated in the Constitution, derived from leadership and public influence.
National Security Council (NSC) Advises the president on national security and foreign policy.
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Assists in preparing and overseeing the federal budget.
Formal Powers Powers explicitly granted in the Constitution such as vetoing legislation and commanding the military.
Chief Negotiator The president’s role in conducting foreign negotiations.
Executive Agreements International agreements made by the president without Senate approval.
Veto Power The president’s authority to reject legislation passed by Congress.
Bully Pulpit The president’s use of their platform to influence public opinion.
Appointment Power Authority to appoint federal officials, often requiring Senate confirmation.
Chief of Staff Head of White House staff who manages the president’s schedule and communications.
Executive Orders Directives issued by the president to manage federal government operations.
Equal Justice Under the Law The principle that all people are treated equally by the court system.
Writ of Certiorari An order from a higher court to review a lower court’s case.
Judicial Branch The branch of government that interprets laws and ensures they are applied fairly.
Criminal Law Law involving offenses against society; prosecutors are involved.
Civil Law Law dealing with disputes between individuals or organizations.
Principle A fundamental truth serving as the foundation for belief or behavior.
Due Process of Law Protection against arbitrary action by government.
Presumption of Innocence A person accused of a crime is considered not guilty until proven otherwise.
Majority Opinion The Supreme Court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of justices.
Types of Law Criminal law and civil law.
Impeachment A formal charge of misconduct against a public official.
District Courts The lowest federal courts where trials are held.
Bureaucratic Expansion Growth of government agencies, employees, and regulations.
Merit-Based Appointments Hiring based on qualifications rather than political connections.
Writing Opinions Statements written by justices explaining court decisions.
Bureaucratic Adjudication When federal agencies settle disputes over regulations or program coverage.
Dissenting Opinion Opinion written by justices who disagree with the majority.
Executive Departments Divisions in the executive branch that carry out laws.
Concurring Opinion Agrees with the majority decision but for different reasoning.
SCOTUS Acronym for the Supreme Court of the United States.
Iron Triangle Relationship between bureaucracy, Congress, and interest groups.
Rule of Four Four Supreme Court justices must agree to hear a case.
The Bureaucracy A large organization of appointed officials.
Courts of Appeals Federal courts that hear appeals; no trials.
Selection Choosing qualified applicants to hire.
Accepting Cases The Supreme Court selects a few hundred cases from thousands of appeals.
Senate Ratification of Treaties Treaties require 2/3 Senate approval.
Congressional Powers Tax, borrow money, regulate trade/currency, declare war, postal system, copyrights, patents, military, elastic clause.
Term Limits House: 2 years; Senate: 6 years; President: 2 terms.
Bill of Attainder Law declaring someone guilty without a trial.
Senate Confirmations Senate provides advice and consent on presidential appointments.
Pigeonhole To set aside a bill and stop considering it.
House Ways and Means Committee House committee that handles tax bills.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Confirmed national supremacy over state governments.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Law eliminating barriers to African American voting.
Judicial Philosophy Guiding beliefs such as activism or restraint in interpreting the Constitution.
Right to Privacy Freedom from government intrusion.
Types of Votes in Congress Voice vote, division vote, roll-call vote.
Incumbency Advantages Franking, name recognition, pork barrel, redistricting, campaign finance, constituency service, media access.
Poison Pill Amendment Amendment that weakens or ruins a bill.
Holds A Senate procedure to prevent a bill from reaching the floor.
Subcommittee A smaller division of a committee handling specific issues.
Congressional Leadership Majority and minority leaders who guide party strategy.
Marbury v. Madison Established judicial review.
Earmarks Congressionally directed spending for specific projects.
Committee Work Legislative groups that develop and review bills.
Restrictions on the Court Congressional legislation, constitutional amendments, judicial appointments, limiting case types.
Types of Vetoes Regular veto (overrideable by 2/3 vote); pocket veto (cannot be overridden).
Conference Committee Joint committee resolving House and Senate bill differences.
Stare Decisis Let the decision stand; follow precedent.
Politico Representative acting as trustee or delegate depending on issue.
Senate Requirements 30 years old; 9 years a citizen.
Judicial Breaching Failure to implement judicial decisions.
Congressional Expectations Loyalty to chamber.
Discharge Petition Motion to force a bill out of committee to the House floor.
Legislative Process (start) Bill introduced and assigned to subcommittee.
Types of Committees Standing, joint, conference, select.
Shaw v. Reno Prohibited racial gerrymandering.
Cloture Senate procedure to limit debate.
House of Representatives The lower house of Congress.
Census Official population count.
Non-Legislative Tasks Duties like impeachment not directly related to passing laws.
Apportionment Distribution of representatives based on population.
Partisan Strong supporter of a political party.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Bill of Rights applies only to federal government, not states.
Pork Barrel Spending benefiting a legislator’s district to gain support.
Baker v. Carr Required equal population in voting districts.
Rules Committee (House) Determines debate rules and amendment process for bills.
Redistricting Redrawing district lines after census.
Packing vs Cracking Packing concentrates opposing voters in few districts; cracking splits them across many districts.
Created by: ugotkmn
 

 



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