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E&M Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is absolutism? | Centralized monarchal power justified by divine right, bureaucracy, and military control. |
| Why is absolutism appealing? | Promised stability after religious wars and noble conflict. |
| How did monarchs maintain power? | Standing armies, bureaucracy, taxation, propaganda, court culture. |
| How was power performed in menarches? | Palaces, rituals, art, architecture (Versailles). |
| what are the limits to absolutism? | Financial crises, noble resistance, revolutions. |
| What are the preconditions for enlightenment? | Scientific Revolution, printing, urbanization, state centralization. |
| What are the key ideas for enlightenment? | Reason, natural rights, progress, secularism, social contracts. |
| What are the limits and contradictions of enlightenment | Excluded women, slaves, colonial subjects; often elitist. |
| Enlightenment & absolutism | Some monarchs adopted Enlightenment reforms (“enlightened absolutism”). |
| What was the cause of the Atlantic Revolutions? | Enlightenment ideas, fiscal crises, inequality, imperial wars. |
| What were the French grievances? | Tax burden on Third Estate, noble privilege, food shortages. |
| What were the limitations of rights of the Atlantic Revolution? | Women, slaves, colonies excluded |
| Why were the Atlantic Revolutions revolutionary? | Introduced popular sovereignty, citizenship, nationalism. |
| What was the legacy of the Atlantic Revolutions? | Modern politics, nationalism, rights discourse, mass politics. |
| War vs industrial capitalism | Industrial capitalism built on empire, slavery, and war capitalism. |
| Why did Britain industrialized first? | Coal, colonies, capital, labor supply, political stability. |
| What are the three pillars of industrialization? | Technology, labor, capital/markets. |
| What are the social consequences of industrialization? | Urbanization, class division, proletariat vs bourgeoisie. |
| What is a nation? | Shared identity based on culture, language, history, or politics. |
| Role of nationalism in the 19th century? | Unification (Germany/Italy), revolutions, imperialism. |
| Unity vs conflict and nationalism | Created solidarity but also xenophobia, wars, ethnic exclusion. |
| Thirty Years' War | Peace of Westphalia |
| Louis XIV | Versailles |
| Peter the Great | St. Petersburg |
| English Civil War | Glorious Revolution |
| Thomas Hobbes | Absolutism |
| John Locke | American Revolution |
| Diderot's Encyclopedie | Enlightenment |
| Atlantic Slave System | War Capitalism |
| French Revolution | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
| Robespierre | Reign of Terror |
| Industrial Capitalism | Bourgeoisie |
| Karl Marx | Communist Manifesto |
| 1848 Revolutions | Nationalism |
| Risorgimento | Nationalism |
| Zionism | Nationalism |
| Thirty Years' War & Peace of Westphalia | The Thirty Years’ War was a major religious and political conflict that weakened the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war and established the principle of state sovereignty, shaping the modern international system. |
| Louis XIV & Versailles | Louis XIV was an absolutist French king who centralized power and ruled by divine right. Versailles was his palace, used to display royal power and control the nobility through court culture. |
| Peter the Great & St. Petersburg | Peter the Great modernized Russia and strengthened state power through reforms and Westernization. St. Petersburg symbolized his efforts to make Russia a European power and demonstrated absolutist state-building. |
| English Civil War & Glorious Revolution | The English Civil War challenged royal authority and led to the execution of Charles I. The Glorious Revolution later established a constitutional monarchy, limiting royal power and strengthening Parliament. |
| Thomas Hobbes & Absolutism | Hobbes argued that people need a strong ruler to prevent chaos, justifying absolute monarchy. His ideas supported the theory that centralized authority was necessary for social order. |
| John Locke & American Revolution | Locke argued that people have natural rights and governments exist by consent. These ideas inspired American revolutionaries to justify rebellion against Britain. |
| Diderot's Encyclopedie & Enlightenment | The Encyclopédie spread knowledge and promoted reason, science, and secularism. It helped spread Enlightenment ideas that challenged traditional authority. |
| Atlantic Slave System & War Capitalism | The Atlantic slave system provided forced labor for plantation economies that generated massive wealth. War capitalism describes how European states used violence and empire to build early capitalism. |
| French Revolution & Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | The French Revolution promoted equality, citizenship, and popular sovereignty. The Declaration expressed these ideals but excluded women and colonial subjects, showing its limits. |
| Robespierre & Reign of Terror | Robespierre led the radical Jacobins and believed violence was necessary to protect the Revolution. The Reign of Terror involved mass executions and showed how revolutionary ideals could turn authoritarian. |
| Industrial Capitalism & Bourgeoisie | Industrial capitalism created factories and wage labor, transforming production and society. The bourgeoisie became the dominant class by owning capital and controlling industry. |
| Karl Marx & Communist Manifesto | Marx argued that history is driven by class struggle between workers and capitalists. The Communist Manifesto called for workers to overthrow capitalism and create a classless society. |
| The 1848 Revolutions & Nationalism | The 1848 Revolutions were nationalist and liberal uprisings across Europe demanding political reform and national unity. Although many failed, they spread nationalist ideas and mass political activism. |
| Risorgimento & Nationalism | The Risorgimento was the movement to unify Italy into a nation-state. It used nationalist ideas about shared culture and identity to mobilize political and popular support. |
| Zionism & Nationalism | Zionism was a Jewish nationalist movement seeking a homeland in response to persecution. It shows how nationalism could be based on ethnic and religious identity as well as territory. |
Created by:
c22shaferv