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SOC 310 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what a sociologist is according to Berger | focused on UNDERSTANDING society, someone whose understanding can be useful for many practices and professions, value-free analyst seeking objective understanding, interprets stats within theoretical framework, methodology as means to an end, curious |
| philosophical underpinnings of sociological theory | ontology, epistemology, and axiology |
| historical factors of modernity | industrial revolution, enlightenment |
| sociology vs other disciplines | broader, more empirical, more structurally focused |
| theory vs other approaches to knowing | general propositions/variable based explanations; explanation of phenomenon; interpretive analysis; exegesis of canonical thinkers; conceptual framework; normative theory; reflexive, theoretical problems |
| theoretical framework-A&E | Nonrational and rational, individual and collective |
| A&E Order | individual and collective |
| A&E Action | nonrational and rational |
| Levine Narratives | positivist, pluralist, synthetic, humanist, contextualist, dialogical; |
| Levine Traditions | Hellenic, British, French, German, Marxian, Italian, American |
| Difference from Hegel | Hegel-ideas shape the material world, Marx turns Hegel on his head |
| base/superstructure | the base is the economic structure of society, the ideological superstructure grows out of the economic base |
| material dialectic/historic materialism | Marx used Hegel's theory of dialectical process-you have thesis then antithesis then synthesis to describe historical change. material conditions, leads to class conflict, which leads to historical change |
| class consciousness | a recognition of one's own position-awareness of one's shared exploitation and start to organize |
| false-consciousness | your subjective understanding doesn't match the objective-not recognizing one's own position, the reason why revolution doesn't happen |
| model of social change | leads to the communist revolution. economy leads to two classes with conflicting class-based interests, bourgeoisie focus on maximization of profits, leading to overproduction, some bourgeoisie are kicked out to proletariat-who are just trying to survive |
| types of alienation | producer from product, producer from process, producer from themselves, producer from others |
| use-value | based on its ability to satisfy a human want or need; what does this object actually do for me? qualitative |
| exchange value | what a commodity is worth in the market/what it can be traded for; what can I get for this? quantitative |
| difference between use-value and exchange-value | use-value--what can i do with this; exchange-value--what can I get for this; labor value--how much did it take to make this |
| surplus value and exploitation | workers produce more value than they are paid, the extra value is taken by the capitalist and because workers have no voice in this taking, they are being exploited |
| factors that prevent the revolution | false consciousness, religion is the opium of the masses, redistribution of wealth, HR departments (pizza party), globalism-workers are separated which creates fragmentation |
| critiques of Marx | epistemological irrefutability; ignores other forms of oppression; doesn't elaborate on his ideal communist society; lacking empirical evidence; reduces to economics; deterministic-inevitable; labor theory of value |
| Where did categories of mind come from for Durkheim? | society provides the templates for thinking, shapes how we thing |
| Pragmatist social science | studied society in order to improve it but also apolitical |
| Durkheim view on society | society is prior to the individual; reality of society-sui generis, more than the sum of parts, irreducible social reality that shapes individuals |
| Suicide | suicide is not an individual choice, is social phenomenon; is either too much or too little of integration/social ties or regulation/cultural restraints |
| Division of Labor | competition over scarce resources due to population growth (volume) and urbanization (density) |
| Religion-Durkheim | a system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, as opposed to profane ones, which unite believers and practitioners into a single moral community called a church |
| critiques of Durkheim | saw non-European cultures as backward/primitive; overlooks power/conflict; impossibility of "objectivity" (because of collective effervescence); ecological fallacy-macro to macro has to go through micro; reduction of religion to social/relational |
| Weber view of good social science | interpretive, and subjective; meanings are more important than actions. Ideal types, elective affinities, and value-free |
| Weber 4 types of social action | traditional-based on tradition; affective-based on emotions; value-rational-based on personal values; instrumental-rational-based on achieving a goal |
| Weber and Religion | cultural, functional for individuals |
| Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism | Luther (work to live)-->calvin (live to work); predestination-wealth is a sign of being favored; work is moral and pleasing to God |
| Progressive Disenchantment | magic-->religion-->science |
| Rationalization | rational thought dominates our way of thinking |
| Iron Cage | capitalism + bureaucracy=collective forces that determine the life chances of individuals and limit individual freedom |
| Types of power | class-economic power; status-social power; party-political power |
| types of legitimate domination | legal-rational; charismatic; traditional |
| critiques of Weber | not deterministic, multi-causal; doesn't give enough attention to social/material conditions; ideal types risk reifying social reality; overly pessimistic; too historically particularistic; inconsistently value-neutral |
| What level of analysis does Simmel primary seek to study? | interactional level |
| difference between form and content of interactions | content-what/goals; form-how/means |
| different forms of interactions | conflict, sociability, and exchange |
| what possibilities do triadic relationships that dyadic relationships do not? | mediator (1 between 2); dominator (2 vs 1) |
| relationship between web of group affiliations and personality | more circles one is in, the more unique their personality |
| blase attitude | a defence/coping mechanism against the overwhelming sensory and social stimuli of city life, urban phenomenon caused by over-stimulation |
| How is Simmel's theory of value different from Marx? | Marx says value exists objectively and prior to the interaction, based on labor time to produce; Simmel says value produced in the interaction, based on how much someone gives or sacrifices |
| sociology definition | the study and analysis of patterned social relationships in modern societies |
| theory | a system of orienting ideas, concepts, and relationships that provides a way of organizing the observable world |
| Marx definition of class | groups of individuals who share a common position relative to the forces of production |
| producer from product | a worker does not own or control what they produce |
| producer from process | a worker does not control their work/process, which is mechanical |
| producer from themselves | a worker loses their identity/human creativity-a commodity |
| producer from others | competition replaces community=all workers are commodities |
| categories of the mind | fundamental structures that make thought possible; kant-born with them; locke-individual experiences; durkheim-society provides template for thinking |
| Social Facts | ways of acting, thinking or feeling which are external to the individual and coercive on the individual, social facts can explain other social facts |
| Egoistic Suicide | too low social integration, like elderly person whose spouse has died |
| Altruistic Suicide | too high social integration, the group's goal outweighs individual survival, like kamikaze soldiers |
| Anomic Suicide | too low moral regulation, individuals lose moral guidance and purpose/structure, like someone who loses their job |
| Fatalistic Suicide | too high moral regulation, individual excessively controlled with no escape, like a slave |
| mechanical solidarity | social integration that arises out of homogeneity of members of a society; occurs in societies with similar members; pre-modern societies; less interdependence; minimum division of labor |
| organic solidarity | social integration that arises out of interdependence of members in the society; occurs in societies that have various types of individuals; modern societies; more interdependence; complex division of labor |
| collective effervescence | a feeling of social unity that comes about by group energy |
| ideal types | a construct that serves as a measuring rod |
| elective affinities | logic of the relationships in networks of meanings, probabilistic not deterministic-could happen but not necessarily going to |
| Weber value free | determine means not ends |
| traditional | based on tradition, like eating turkey at Thanksgiving |
| affective | based on emotions, like hugging |
| value-rational | based on personal values, like volunteering or serving mission |
| instrumental-rational | based on achieving a goal, like deciding options for grad school |
| Weber view of bureaucracy | NECESSARY but also potentially dehumanizing and oppressive; hierarchical and impersonal; there's a clear chain of command but its more formal than personal and position matters over person; strong division of labor w/ specialized tasks |
| Simmel Conflict | not just destructive, but can actually create unity; competition has a civilizing function |
| sociability | interaction as an end in itself, has no other goal/gain |
| exchange | requires reciprocity, value is created and social bonds are constituted |
| Simmel power | determined by relationship with others |
| simmel wealth | a way to differentiate themselves. if its absurd and cheap its functional, if its absurd and expensive its fashion |
| critiques of simmel | no unifying theoretical framework; little actual empirical evidence; excludes individual and societal level; formal connection between things doesn't imply a substantive connection; subjectivist theory of value (not objective) |
| Marx and religion | functional for the rich, religion comes from the material, false consciousness |
| Durkheim and religion | religion comes from the social, functional for all, misrecognition of religion |
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pworthen0723