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PSY 220 Chapter 2
Genes, Environment, and Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| species heredity | the genetic endowment that members of a particular species have in common; a contributor to universal species traits and patterns of maturation |
| natural selection | the evolutionary principle that individuals who have characteristics advantageous for survival in a particular environment are most likely to survive and reproduce (survival of the fittest) |
| ethology | a dicipline and theoretical perspective that focuses on the evolved behavior of different species in their natural environments |
| slow life history strategy | an evolved approach in safe and predictable environments in which parents are supportive of children, sex and child bearing are postponed during adolescence until resources are in place to raise a family |
| fast life history strategy | an evolved approach in harsh and unpredictable environments in which parents are not very supportive of children, sex and child bearing begins early, romantic partners often do not last |
| cultural evolution | change in a species achieved not through biological evolution but through learning and passing on from one generation to the next new ways of adapting to the environment |
| conception | the moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates the ovum, forming a zygote |
| zygote | a single cell formed at conception from the union of a sperm and an ovum |
| chromosome | a threadlike structure made up of genes; in humans, there are 46 chomosomes in the nucleus of each cell |
| meiosis | the process in which a germ cell deivides, producing sperm or ova, each containing half of the parent cell's original complement of chromosomes; in humans, the products of meiosis normally contain 23 chromosomes |
| mitosis | the process in which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells |
| DNA | deoxyrubonucleic acid, teh double helix molecule whose chemical code makes up chromosomes and serves as our genetic endowment; it is made up of sequences of the chemicals A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine, and T (thymine) |
| crossing over | a process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis |
| identical twins | monozygotic twins who develop from a single zygote that later divides to form genetically identical invidividuals |
| fraternal twins | twins who are not identical and who result when a mother releases two ova at roughly the same time and each is fertilized by a different sperm |
| X chromosome | the longer of the two sex chromosomes; normal females have two X chromosomes, whereas normal males have only one |
| Y chromosome | the shorter of the two sex chromosomes; normal males have one Y chromosome, whereas females have none |
| genotype | the genetic endowment that an individual inherits |
| phenotype | the way in which a person's genotype is expressed in observable or measurable characteristics |
| gene expression | the activation of particular genes in particular cells of the body at particular times in life |
| single gene-pair inheritance | the genetic mechanism through which a characteristic is influenced by only one pair of genes, one gene from the mother and its partner from the father |
| dominant gene | a relatively powerful gene that is expressed pehnotypically and masks the effect of a less-powerful recessive gene |
| recessive gene | a less powerful gene that is not expressed phenotypically when paired with a dominant gene |
| sex-linked inheritance | mechanism of inheritance in which a characteristic is influenced by single genes located on the sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome) |
| hemophilia | a deficiency in the blood's ability to clot. it is more common among males than females because it is associated with a sexlinked gene on the X chromosome |
| polygenic inheritance | mechanism of inheritance in which multiple gene pairs interact with environmental factors to influence a trait |
| mutation | a change in the structure or arrangement of one or more genes that produces a new phenotype |
| copy number variation (CNV) | instances in which a person receives too many or too few copies of a stretch of DNA; like gene mutations, they can either be inherited from a parent or arise spontaneously and can contribute to diseases and disorders |
| chromosome abnormalities | conditions in which a child has too few, too many, or incomplete chormosomes because of erros in the formation of sperm or ova |
| down syndrome | a chromosomal abnormality in which the child has inherited an extra 21st chromosome and is, as a result, intellectually disables; also called trisomy 21 |
| sex chromosome abnormality | a chromosome abnormality in which a child receives too many or too few sex chromosomes |
| sickle-cell disease | a genetic blood disease in which red blood cells assume an unusual sick shape and become inefficient at distributing oxygen throughout the body |
| carrier | in genetics, individuals who possess a recessive gene associated with a disease and who, although they do not have the disease, can transmit the gene for it to offspring |
| huntington's disease | a genetic disease caused by a single, dominant gene that strikes in middle age to produce a deterioration of physical and mental abilities and premature death |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | a genetic disease in which a child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it soon causes hyperactivity and intellectual disability |
| ultrasound | method of examining physical organs by scanning them with sound waves - fo example, scanning the womb and thereby producing a visual outline of the fetus to detect gross abnormalities |
| amniocentesis | a method of extracting amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman so that fetal body cells within the fluid can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic defects |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | an alternative to amniocentesis in which a catheter is inserted through the cervix to withdraw fetal cells from which the chroion for prenatal testing to detect genetic defects |
| maternal blood sampling | a noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis involving testing for substances in maternal blood; more recently, analysis of fetal cells that have slipped through the placenta into the mothers blood |
| preimplantation genentic diagnosis | prenantal diagnostic procedure in which a mother's eggs are fertilized in a laboratory using in vitro fertilization techniques, DNA tests are conducted on afertilized egg, and only eggs that do not have chromosome abnormalities are implanted |
| behavioral genetics | the scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among individuals are responsible for differences among them in traits such as intelligence and personality |
| heritability | the amount of variability in a population on some trait dimension that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals |
| twin study | method of studying genetic and environmental influence in which the ismilarity of identical twins is compared to that of fraternal twins, often in studies involving both twins reared together and twins reared apart |
| adoption study | method of studying genetic and environmental influence that involves determining whethe adopted children are more similar to their biological parents or adoptive parents |
| family study | method of studying genetic and environmental influence that examines similarities in traits between pairs of siblings who have different degrees of genetic similarities - ex. identical twins, full siblings, half siblings, step siblings who live together |
| concordance rate | the percentage of cases in which a particular attribute is present for both members of a pair of people (ex. twin) if it is present for one member |
| schizophrenia | a seriosu form of mental illness characterized by disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and interpersonal behavior |
| shared environmental influences | experiences that individuals living in the same home environment share that work to make them similar |
| nonshared environmental influences | experiences unique to the indivudual that are not shared by other members of the family that tend to make members of the same family different |
| molecular genetics | the analysis of particular genes and their effects, including the identification of specific genes that influence particular traits and the comparison of animals or humans who have these specific genes and those who do not |
| temperament | a genetically based pattern of tendencies to respond in predictable ways; the building blocks of personality |
| gene-environment interaction | the phenomenon in which the effects of people's genes depend on the kind of environment they experience and in whcih the effects of the environment depend on their genetic endowment |
| diathesis-stress model | the view that psychopathology results from the interaction of a person's predisposition to psychological problems and the experience of stressful events |
| differential susceptibility hypothesis | the concept that some people's genetic makeup makes them more reactive than other people to both good and bad environmental influences |
| orchids | individuals who are highly susceptible to both good and bad environmental influences, who thrive in optimal conditions but wilt in poor conditions |
| dandelions | individuals who can grow in a variety of environments and are less susceptible to environmental influences |
| gene-environment correlation | a systematic interrelationship between one's genes and one's environment; ways in which one's genes influence the home envrionment provided by parents, the social reactions to the individual, and the types of experiences one seeks |
| passive gene-environment correlation | phenomenon in which, because parents provide children with both their genes and a home environment compatible with those genes, the home environments to which children are exposed are correlated with their genotypes |
| evocative gene-environment correlation | pehnomenon in whch children's geneotype evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people so that their genetic makeup and experiences are correlated |
| active gene-environment correlation | phenomenon in which children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek out and therefore experience |
| gentically informed study | a study designed to determine whether there are genetic explanations for apparent environmental affects and establish more firmly whether environment meters |
| epigenetic effects | ways in which environmental influences alter the expression of genes (whether they're turned on or off) and therefore the influence of genes on traits |
| DNA methylation | a well studied way in which experiences have epigenetic effects on gene expression through chemical coding on top of DNA molecules |
| gene therapy | interventions that involve substituting normal genes for the genes associated with a disease or disorder; otherwise altering a person's genetic makeup |
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