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Bio 202 Test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | heritable change in one or more attributes in a population or species from one generation to the next |
| Transitional forms | intermediate between older and younger species |
| Law of succession | proceed from older species |
| Vestigial traits | functionless structures that are similar to functioning changes over time |
| Heritability | proportion of variation transmitted to offspring by parent |
| Genotype | genes/alleles |
| Phenotype | traits you observe (interaction between genes and environment) |
| Fitness | ability to survive and reproduce |
| Directional selection | Selects for higher or lower trait values (can change year to year) |
| Stabilizing selection | selects for middle of the road |
| Disruptive selection | selects for extreme traits (high and low)- less common |
| Inbreeding | breeding between close relatives |
| Inbreeding depression | reduction in the average fitness of individuals in a population |
| Outbreeding | mating between individuals more distantly related than the average |
| Outbreeding depression | when individuals from different populations produce offspring with lower fitness |
| Adaptation | new trait with a positive impact on fitness |
| Heterozygous advantage | heterozygous has the best fitness |
| Genetic drift | allele frequencies vary by random chance alone |
| Fixation | 100% of alleles are that allele (no variation) |
| Extinction | 0% of population have that allele |
| Genetic bottleneck | reduction in genetic diversity that occurs after a drastic decrease in population size |
| Founder effect | loss of genetic variation occurring when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population |
| Gene flow | exchange of genes/alleles between populations as a result of organisms moving and reproducing |
| Mutation | changes in the DNA of a gene |
| Gene pool | all alleles from all gametes from all individuals in a population combine at random to form offsprings |
| Dominant trait | caused by an allele that expresses phenotype if even one copy is present |
| Recessive trait | trait expressed only s homozygous |
| Synapomorphy | a characteristic (or trait or adaption) present in an ancestral species and shared by its evolutionary descendants |
| Coevolution | a process where a response to selection pressure on one species leads to natural selection in another species that needs to respond (evolutionary arms race) |
| Reciprocal selection | 2 species impose selection pressures on each other driving mutual evolutionary changes |
| Intraspecific interactions | within species |
| Intrasexual selection | competition within the same sex |
| Genetic rescue | gene flow can have positive consequences for recipient population if it adds adaptive alles and genetic variation |
| Gene swamping/migration load | gene flow can also have negative consequences for recipient populations if it swamps out locally adapted gene pool |
| Artificial selection | humans imparting natural selection on a species (assuming were not natural) |
| Selective breeding | modify traits in domesticated species by procedures and programs |
| Artificial selection | choose phenotypes and discard others |
| Inadvertent evolution | evolution by human changes (cause evolutionary change) |
| Phenotypic plasticity | a single genotype can produce multiple phenotypes depending on environmental conditions |
| Local adaptation | fitness is higher for local individuals (and hence genotypes) in their local environment than in other environments |
| Microevolution | allele frequency within a species |
| Macroevolution | changes that create new species |
| Extinction | evolution to new species and old species goes extinct |
| Species | a group of organisms that maintain a distinct set of attributes in nature that share an evolutionary history |
| Reproductive isolation | inability to produce viable offspring |
| Systematics | when should one species be broken into more than 1 species |
| Lumpers | combine similar species |
| Splitters | small differences to divide |
| Evolutionary significant units | same species but with different ecological or genetic differences |
| Taxonomy | species naming (latin) |
| Allopatric speciation | separation due to separate places |
| Founder effect | movement from mainland to island |
| Adaptive radiation | single species with more niche space- turn into different species quickly in succession |
| Hybrid zones | area of overlap between ranges of 2 close species |
| Cline | gradual shift in a transition point |
| Sympatric speciation | 2 species evolve in the same location |
| Assortative mating | tend to choose mates that are most similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance |
| Polyploid formation | 2 copies of each chromosomes to >2 |
| Phyletic gradualism | slow uniform evolution |
| Punctuated equilibrium | little evolutionary change for most of their existence punctuated by periods of rapid evolutionary change |
| Incipient speciation | divergence between 2 groups but they are still similar enough to interbreed |
| Genomic islands of divergence | use genomic outlier analysis to detect |
| Convergent evolution | unrelated species evolve similar traits in response to similar environments and natural selection |
| Analogous | similar traits which evolved separately |
| Vicariance | block to migration |
| Synapomorphy | a shared, derived characteristic (trait) inherited from a common ancestor that defines a specific group of organisms |
| Parsimony | the best phylogenetic tree or evolutionary hypothesis is the one requiring the fewest evolutionary changes |
| Polytomy | a polytomy is a node on a phylogenetic tree where more than two descendant lineages emerge from a single common ancestor |
| Ancestral | primitive, inherited characteristics present in a common ancestor of a group |
| Derived traits | new, modified features that evolved in a specific lineage, distinguishing a smaller, more recent group from the larger ancestral group |
Created by:
user-1881968