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Chapter 12 Vocab

TermDefinition
*Ecology* The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
*evolutionary adaptation* The genetic adaptation of a population to its environment through evolution.
carrying capacity The maximum population size that can be sustained by the available resources in a given environment.
competitive exclusion The elimination of one species by another as a result of competition.
trophic cascade When changes in the abundance of an organism result in changes at other trophic levels of the food chain.
inducible defense Defense mechanism that an organism uses only in response to predators.
*parasitism* The type of symbiosis in which one partner, the parasite, derives benefit from the other, the host.
*abiotic* A non-living (physical or chemical) component of the environment.
*exponential growth* Unrestricted population growth where the population grows at a faster rate with each successive generation.
*limiting resources* An essential factor whose short supply limits the growth of a population.
resource partitioning The sharing of resources by specialization.
stabilizing selection Natural selection that acts against individuals with extreme expression of a trait.
*coevolution* The process in which one species evolves in response to another.
*mutualism* The type of symbiosis in which both partners benefit from the relationship.
*biotic* A living component of an environment.
logistic growth Population growth that is constrained by biotic or abiotic factors such as competition or nutrients.
*competition* The interaction that results when a resource is in short supply and one organism uses the resource at the expense of another.
*ecological niche* The full range of ecological characteristics of a species, like its feeding habits, specific habitat, and reproductive strategy.
directional selection Natural selection that favors extreme expression of a trait.
commensal A symbiotic relationship in which one species obtains shelter, food, or other benefits without affecting the other, or host.
recruitment The entry of young individuals into a population or, in fisheries biology, into a fished stock.
*benthic* Organisms that live on the bottom.
*subtidal zone* The bottom above the continental shelf.
hadal zone The bottom below 6,000 m.
epipelagic zone The pelagic environment from the surface to a depth of 100 to 200 m.
abyssopelagic zone The pelagic environment from a depth of 4,000 m to 6,000 m.
Pelagic Open Water.
bathyal zone The bottom between the shelf break and a depth of approximately 4,000 m.
neritic zone The pelagic environment above the continental shelf.
mesopelagic zone The pelagic environment from a depth of approximately 200 m to 1,000 m.
hadopelagic zone The pelagic environment below 6,000 m.
*intertidal (littoral) zone* The area between the highest and lowest tide.
*abyssal zone* The bottom from a depth of approximately 4,000 m to 6,000 m.
oceanic zone The pelagic environment beyond the shelf break.
bathypelagic zone The pelagic environment from a depth of 1,000 m to 4,000 m.
*food chain* The steps of transfer of energy from primary producers through consumers.
*trophic pyramid* The pyramid-like relationship found in the pyramids of biomass, energy, and numbers of organisms in a food chain.
nutrient regeneration The release of nutrients from organic matter by decomposers.
*net primary production* The amount of organic carbon left over to fuel the food web after accounting for producer’s energetic needs.
chemical precipitation Chemical reactions which convert phosphate into insoluable phosphorus which settle to the sea floor.
*trophic level* Each of the steps in a food chain.
*biomass* The total mass of living organisms.
productivity The rate of primary production.
standing stock (standing crop) The total amount, or biomass, of an organism at a given time.
*food web* All of the interconnecting feeding relationships in a community.
*detritus* Particles of dead organic matter.
*gross primary production* The total amount of organic carbon manufactured by primary producers.
*denitrification* The conversion of fixed nitrogen back to nitrogen gas.
Created by: Jahzai H
 

 



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