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M4
New Media and Traditional Media
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Lister, what are the Characteristics of New Media? | Digital, Interactive, Dispersed, Virtual, Technological Convergence |
| What does Lister mean by New Media is Digital? | New media doesn't exist physically, it is converted and stored and transferred into personal technological devices |
| What does Lister mean by New Media is Interactive? | New media is two way, audiences are now prosumers influence and create new media content |
| What does Lister mean by New Media is Dispersed? | New media is contributed to by a diverse large number of contributors from around the world, which reaches a global audience |
| What does Lister mean by New Media is Virtual? | New media creates a separate new reality where people can control how they are seen and audiences can become immersed in digital graphics and personal screens |
| What does Lister mean by New Media is Technological Converged? | Technologies that were once distinct and separate are no joined together as one device |
| What are the Age Patterns of New Media? | There is a generational gap, with the younger generations being more likely to use new media than older generations because they are 'digital natives' who grew up with new media |
| What are the Gender Patterns of New Media? | Males and females are equally likely to use social media, with males being slightly more likely to play video games, and females being slightly more likely to upload self-created content |
| What are the Class Patterns of New Media? | There is a digital divide, with the middle class being more likely to use new media. There is also a digital underclass who struggle to access the internet which prevents employment, education and social mobility |
| How do New Media Owners have Increased Influence? | Fact Checks, Platform Power, Sovereigns of Cyberspace, Concentrated Ownership |
| How do Fact Checks explain the Increased Influence of New Media Owners? | X (Twitter), Youtube and Facebook have begun to warn users that some content is false or misleading |
| According to Naughton, how does Platform Power explain the Increased Influence of New Media Owners? | New media holds power over many other institutions that use it as operating systems to function. It has become essential for society to function |
| According to MacKinnon, how does Sovereigns of Cyberspace explain the Increased Influence of New Media Owners? | Tech giants can wield huge power in society but are unelected and unaccountable, there is very little people can do to influence or punish new media owners |
| How does Concentrated Ownership explain the Increased Influence of New Media Owners? | An increasingly smaller number of owners own more new media platforms, meaning a very small amount of people have a lot of power over many different new media platforms and companies |
| What is Direct Censorship and how does it allow New Media Owners to have Power? | Individuals, topics, specific references and apps can all be made inaccessible to audiences if owners decide, allowing them to control the messages and narratives put out on their platforms |
| What is Indirect Censorship and how does it allow New Media Owners to have Power? | Owners can set the rules that decide which content is promoted on new media, allowing them to control the messages and narratives put out on their platforms |
| What are the two different ways that Indirect Censorship is done? | Monetization: Prosumers make content that lets them earn money from adverts, restricting language and content to be child friendly and non controversial. Algorithms: Prosumers make content that encourages engagement over authenticity |
| Name one evaluation for Platform Power | |
| Name one evaluation for Sovereigns of Cyberspace | Prosumers do 'bottom up surveillance' on New Media Owners and push for them to be held accountable when necessary |
| Name one evaluation for Concentrated Ownership | |
| Name one evaluation for Direct Censorship | |
| Name one evaluation for Indirect Censorship | |
| According to Cornford, what is an Evolutionary Effect on Traditional Media? | A slow, gradual change with many similarities between old, traditional media and new media still existing |
| According to Cornford, how is New Media Based on Old Technology? | No new media is an actual revolutionary concept, it is just digital versions of media that actually existed. For example, all new media still relies on the original phone lines that traditional media used |
| According to Cornford, how has Media always been Interactive? | Traditional media has always involved input from audiences interactivity is not a new feature. For example, agony aunts in newspapers |
| According to Cornford, how is New Media Integrating not Replacing Traditional Media? | New Media is being used in addition to traditional media, not instead of. For example, social media promotion and discussion of cinema film releases |
| According to McNair, what is a Revolutionary Effect on Traditional Media? | A rapid, dramatic and complete transformation of traditional media, completely different to how traditional media used to be consumed |
| What is the Revolutionary Effect, Changing the News, according to McNair? | Increased speed of news cycles as audiences expect 24 hour news with minute by minute updates and greater focus on spectacle and videos due to mobile phones |
| According to McNair how has New Media caused Reduced Power of Owners? | Dispersed, global prosumers causes cultural chaos, with uncountable new narratives and citizen journalists, which prevents elites from controlling narratives or establishing hegemony |
| According to McNair, what is Churnalism and Infotainment? | Increased competition from the high quality and quantity of new media content causes pressure for the news to focus on entertainment to attract audiences and low quality check of the accuracy of content to allow for quicker publication |
| Name one evaluation for Based on Old Technology | Some new media is entirely new, not just digital versions of traditional media, for example AI and Chat GPT |
| Name one evaluation for Always been Interactive | New media isn't just interactive, some apps exist where all content is created by prosumers, for example tiktok and youtube |
| Name one evaluation for Integrating not Replacing | New media isn't integrating, some traditional media is being completely replaced by new media. For example in 2016 The Independent stopped circulating physical papers and became entirely online |
| Name one evaluation for Changing the News | The majority still prefer news via traditional media, for example 75% of the UK get their news from TV compared to 65% from the internet and 35% from newspapers |
| Name one evaluation for Reduced Power of Owners | Owners of traditional media still have a large influence over society, and audiences are not as active as suggested. For example, the 2020 lockdown panic buying |
| Name one evaluation for Churnalism and Infotainment | There is more low level media, but there is still plenty of challenging and serious media, for example 20% of the Sun's content is original investigative journalism |
| According to McNair, how does New Media create More Informed Audiences? | Diverse prosumers encourage diverse opinions and information available for all audiences instantly. Businesses, services, institutions and products can provide clear information which can be supported by individual audiences |
| What is an evaluation for More Informed Audiences? | Fake News, AI and Infotainment means information they are being informed of is incorrect or misleading or irrelevant |
| According to McNair, how does New Media promote Consumer Choice? | Diverse, global creators encourage diverse, niche new media content and products for individuals, not general audience tastes. Physical products can be bought cheaper, with reduced costs through online sales and creation |
| What is an evaluation of Consumer Choice? | Global popular culture dominates new media and products far more than niche, diverse content does |
| According to McNair, how does New Media create a Global Village? | New media has encouraged 'time space distanciation': the reduction in the importance of national or physical barriers, allowing for instant global interaction and communication, encouraging individuals to experience the rich diversity of the globe |
| What is an evaluation of Global Village? | Cultural Imperialism: Audiences do not experience rich diversity from across the globe as new media is dominated by America |
| According to McNair, how has New Media caused More Interaction and Social Life? | Individuals can now interact with others outside of traditional social groups, they can create identities outside of traditional social class, gender, ethnicity or location |
| What is an evaluation of More Interaction and Social Life? | New media can be easily be used to bully and harass people without consequences. Toxic Childhood: Children can develop issues with self-esteem and be bullied online. |
| According to McNair, how has New Media allowed for Influence over Society/Media/Democracy? | Can encourage change through a coherent message that can be spread to millions of audience. Digital online campaigns, the organisation of physical protests, citizen journalism |
| What is an evaluation for Influence Society/Media/Democracy? | Agenda Setting and Direct Censorship can drown out messages inciting change |
| According to Keen, how does New Media cause a lack of Validity of Information? | Digital and dispersed new media allows prosumers to anonymously create false content with no accountability. The virtual and digital aspects of new media make editing and manipulation of images, audio and video possible |
| What is an evaluation for Validity of Information? | Fact Checks: Many apps like X (Twitter), Youtube and Tiktok warn users that false content may appear on their apps |
| According to Keen, how does New Media cause Cultural Imperialism? | Dominant foreign culture imposes media instantly on native cultures all over the globe. Most new media are based in American and prioritise American media, norms and values |
| What is an evaluation for Cultural Imperialism? | Many content produced in other countries such as Korea or Japan have large influence over new media, for example Kpop or Pokemon |
| According to Keen, how does New Media cause a Lack of Regulation? | The anonymous, dispersed prosumers create an overwhelming amount of content across the globe. Too much content to monitor and regulate, and content is often created by prosumers outside of the jurisdiction of affected cultures |
| What is an evaluation of Lack of Regulation? | Online Safety Act 2025: Created age restrictions on some online content within the UK |
| According to Keen, how does New Media cause Limited Consumer Choice? | New media decreases the range and variety of content audiences are exposed to. To attract audiences prosumers make content that meets wide audience tastes. Algorithms and advertisements force audiences to consumer similar content and products repeatedly |
| What is an evaluation for Limited Consumer Choice? | Uses and Gratification: Audiences use new media how they want to, often as an escapism, they choose what content they consume |
| According to Keen, how is New Media Undermining Social Interactions? | New Media isolates individuals as they prioritise the illusion of interaction over real face to face interaction. Unclear digital communication encourages misunderstandings and conflict |
| What is an evaluation for Undermining Social Interaction? | New media allows for global communication giving individuals the opportunity to connect with people across the world and learn more about the diverse culture of the globe |
| According to Keen, how has New Media caused Surveillance? | Digital media records unprecedented private information, both voluntarily and automatically. The UK has become a surveillance society in which individuals internalised self discipline out of fear of potentially being monitored |
| What is an evaluation of Surveillance? | Surveillance ensures that harmful content does not come into contact with vulnerable people, and allows the police to find potential terrorists or criminals who are using new media to commit or plan crimes |
| True or False, according to Keen, New Media Owners are an issue caused by New Media | True. Fact Checks, Sovereigns of Cyberspace, Platform Power, Concentrated Ownership and Direct and Indirect Censorship are all used by Keen as arguments for Cultural Pessimists |
Created by:
Skyelark