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sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Constructing Race in the United States: The United States Census | Population counted every 10 years. •Race and other categories evolved. •Race artificially divides into groups. •Five racial categories currently recognized. |
| Future Race and Ethnic Demographics | Minorities projected >50% of population. •Reduced Whites, near doubling minorities. •United States as minority-majority nation. •Little power/race relation change. |
| Peggy McIntosh’s class article. | white privilege |
| Bell’s Storytelling for Social Justice model. | Stock stories. •Concealed stories. •Resistance stories. •Transforming stories. |
| Smedley identified | key racial narrative features. •Race privileges some groups. |
| Matrix | The surrounding environment in which something (e.g., values, cells, humans) originates, develops, and grows. The concept of a matrix captures the basic sociological understanding that contexts—social, cultural, economic, historical, and otherwise—matter |
| Race | Not related to biology. •Requires active engagement. |
| Social Institutions | Patterned and structured sets of roles and behaviors centered on the performance of important social tasks within any given society. |
| Relational Aspects of Race | A concept that encompasses the defining of categories of race in opposition to each other (e.g., to be white means one is not black, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American) and according to where they fall along the continuum of hierarchy. |
| Intersectional Theories | Theories that argue that race and gender (as well as other salient social identities) are intertwined and inseparable, and no individual social identity can be fully comprehended on its own. |
| Racial Frames | The ideological justifications, processes, procedures, and institutions that define and structure society. |
| Agency | The ability to effect change, to act independently, and to exercise free choices. |
| Bacon’s Rebellion Of 1676 | A revolt in which Black, Irish, Scottish, and English bond servants fought against the planter elite in Virginia. |
| Black Code | France’s Colonial Ordinance of 1685, which legislated the life, death, purchase, marriage, and religion of slaves, as well as the treatment of slaves by their masters. restrictive laws passed by Southern U.S. states in 1865-1866, immediately after the Ci |
| Colonialism | A set of hierarchical relationships in which groups are defined culturally, ethnically, and/or racially and in which these relationships serve to guarantee the political, social, and eco-nomic interests of the dominant group. |
| Frontiers | Contested spaces or borders, such as those between the Spanish, French, and English colonies in the Americas. |
| Left-Handed Marriages | Temporary alliances between men and women equivalent to common-law marriages, particularly common in the French colonies in the Americas. These unions often resulted in children who served as interpreters and mediators. |
| Miscegenation | The mixing of different racial groups. |
| Plaçage | The name given to the social arrangement of left-handed marriages by free people of color in the colonial era. A woman involved in such an arrangement had a status lower than that of a wife but higher than that of a concubine. |
| Quadroon | A person who is one-fourth black by descent. |
| Racial Caste System | A hierarchical social system based on race that is considered to be permanent. |
| Settler Colonies | Colonies created by external, imperialist nations in which those nations control political, economic, social, and cultural mechanisms through a colonial elite. |
| Turner Thesis | The theory, developed by historian Frederick J. Turner in the 19th century, that the American identity—including democratic governance, rugged individualism, innovative thinking, and egalitarian viewpoints—was forged in the nation’s frontier experience. |
| Immigration | High proportions come from Asia. The United States has lost traditional lead in resettlement. LGBTQ+ migrant protections reversed. |
| Revising the Experience of Work, Gender, and Race | Women drive U.S. labor trends. Most hires younger female minorities. Highest earners overwhelmingly homogenous. Stable jobs may not result in wealth. |
| Racial conflicts presented in literature: | Harry Potter and Twilight saga. |
| The Earliest Americans | Descended from Asian immigrants. Some via glacial land bridge, others boat. Many were highly urbanized. |
| The Basics of Colonialism Three primary lenses | Structure of political domination. “Internal” or “domestic.” “Colonialism of the mind. |
| The Basics of Colonialism | The Basics of Colonialism Pre-Columbian population distribution. Fairly even distribution. Spanish and Portuguese settled populated areas. French and English settled less-populated areas. |
| Spanish Colonialism (1492): Constructing a Racial Ideology | Gender varied by Native American tribal group. Spanish-born (-descended) vs. Native-born (-descended). Different rights, obligations, privileges. |
| Spanish Colonialism (1492): Constructing a Racial Ideology | Flexible marriage and assimilation. Imposed purity certifications. Racial caste system. Inherently gendered and still extant. |
| Spanish Colonialism (1492): Concealed Story: Columbus Encounters a New People/World | Itinerant trader seeking route to Asia. Castilian monarchs granted admiralty. Ensured he’d benefit from every cruelty. Tyrannical and cruel, especially to native peoples. Decided trajectory of modern nations. |
| Spanish Colonialism (1492): The Slave System | Columbus first to employ slavery. Seized land and pushed girls into sexual slavery. Spanish colonies more racially lenient. Warfare, disease, and overwork shifted the dynamic. |
| French Colonialism (1534): Labor Crisis and Slavery | First imported slaves included White people. |
| French Colonialism (1534): | Concealed Stories: Left-Handed Marriages and Plaçage Status slightly less than wife. Miscegenation. |
| British Colonialism (1587): Building a Tradition of Slavery | Also began with poor White slaves. Black people began as indentured servants. English manipulated Native American conflicts. |
| British Colonialism (1587): Resistance Stories: Slave Rebellions | bacon’s Rebellion of 1676. Displaced White laborers revolted against planter elites. Crop failures fueled violence. Racial castes then created to justify slavery. |
| Borderlands and Frontiers: The Turner Thesis—Our First Stock Story | Turner thesis. Held roots of American values lie in frontier experiences. But the frontier was not a “blank slate.” |
| Borderlands and Frontiers: Concealed Stories: Understanding Contested Spaces | Elements of cosmic inevitability/truth. Race and space as conflicting rivalries. White settlers were themselves displaced. |
| Borderlands and Frontiers: Concealed Stories: Understanding Contested Spaces | Harmful characterization of Native Americans. Creolization common where White women weren’t. White purity beliefs enforced White male supremacy. |
| Dawes Act | Law in 1887 that required Native American to divide communal reservations into individual plots of 160 acres, with each assigned to a family head. The remaining land was given to White homesteaders |
| Great Migration | The movement, from 1916 to 1970, of more than 6 million African Americans out of the rural South to the urban areas of the North, Midwest, and West, in search of greater safety and higher-paying, industrial jobs. |
| Ideology of Domesticity | An ideology in which the home and family became defined as women’s realm, and women were not expected to work for pay outside the home. This ideal was generally attainable only by well-off White families. |
| Legacy of Slavery Thesis | A theoretical approach that argues that Black family structures are the result of the long history of structural inequality faced by Blacks since slavery. |
| Marriage Promotion | teach relationship and communication skills to women in poverty, to increase their chances of marriage, as marriage is assumed to be a solution to poverty for single mothers. |
| Nuclear Family | A family consisting of a mother, a father, and their children (biological or adopted), living together. The idea of the “ideal” and “traditional” nuclear family usually assumes a working father and stay-at-home mother. |
| Revisionist Thesis | A theoretical approach, developed in direct response to stereotypes and the legacy of slavery thesis, involving research that redirects attention to the strength and resilience of Black families. |
| Settler Colonialism | Colonies created by external, imperialist nations in which those nations control political, economic, social, and cultural mechanisms through a colonial elite. |
| Separate Spheres | men’s area of influence, or sphere, is the world outside the home, and women’s sphere is the home and domesticity. The ideology of separate spheres for men and women developed along with industrialization and created a public/private dichotomy. |
| Transmigrants | People who live their lives crossing national borders, for whom participating in more than one nation is central to their lives. |
| family | social arrangment |
| Early Families: Native American Families | Many tribes egalitarian by gender.-no dominant gender Gender power/status varied by tribe. Kinship central to community organization. Land not private property. Ethnocentric-our ways are superior |
| The Legacy of Immigration | African American nor indigenous communities are immigrants. |
| first wave of immigrants | 1840s irish population |
| mid 1800s | asians came here. during gold rush, |
| Chinese immigration/Chinese Exclusion Act of | 1882 |
| The Gentlemen’s Agreement and “alien land laws.” | The 1907-1908 Gentlemen’s Agreement and subsequent Alien Land Laws were racially motivated, interrelated measures to restrict Japanese immigration and economic power in the U.S. |
| 1913-1920 alien land law | banned non citizens from getting land |
| The Concealed Story of Invisible Fathers | Stock story: absence and poverty. Whether less likely marry does not mean bad fathers. |
| “Man in the house” laws. | punitive 1960s welfare policy that disqualified families from receiving assistance if an able-bodied adult male was living in or frequently visiting the home. It aimed to restrict benefits to "deserving" mothers |
| Laws against interracial marriage until | 1967 |
| capitalist society | economy based on supply and demand. controlled by private owners. |
| us poverty rank | 33rd |
| poverty line | live below this line, u live in poverty |
| Affirmative Action | under the administration of President Richard Nixon, requiring employers receiving federal funding to take affirmative steps to eliminate discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or gender in the hiring and treatment of employees. |
| Chattel Slavery | Slavery in which the enslaved persons are considered personal property, owned by their masters for life, and their children are the owners’ property as well. |
| Economic Restructuring | The shift from a manufacturing- to a service-based economy in urban areas. |
| Fair Deal | A series of federal programs initiated in the late 1940s and early 1950s by President Harry Truman to protect workers from unfair employment practices, raise the minimum wage, and provide housing assistance, among other goals. |
| Gi Bill of Rights | The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, passed in 1944 to support veterans. The law included provisions for low-cost guaranteed loans for college degrees, new homes, and businesses; job training; and unemployment benefits. |
| Indentured Servants | Persons who are legally bound to work for their masters for a set number of years. |
| Marxist Theories | Social theories concerning the impacts of economic change on class relations and conditions, as examined in the work of Karl Marx. |
| Neoliberal Theory | A social theory that embraces individualism, free markets, free trade, and limited government intervention or regulation. Also known as market fundamentalism. |
| New Deal | A series of programs initiated in the mid-1930s by President Franklin Roosevelt in response to the great depression, with the aim of providing economic relief and instituting banking reform. |
| Split Labor Market | A labor market in which higher-paid workers, largely White, try to protect their jobs and wages (often through unions) by excluding new groups (often minorities) entering the labor market from the higher-paying jobs. |
| Wealth | The market value of all assets owned (such as homes, cars, artwork, jewelry, businesses, and savings and retirement accounts) minus any debts owed (such as credit card debts, mortgages, and college loans). |
| Welfare | Policies and programs designed to support people in great financial need. Examples of forms of welfare are food stamps, social security benefits, medicare, and medicaid. |
| sector jobs | seasonal, not secure |
| most common jobs | health, social assistants, retail, food services |
| glass ceiling | force that keeps women from advancing |
| galss floor | keeps privileged ppl from losing undeserved privilege |
| president clinton changed | TANF programs |
| marxist approach explains | class and equality |
| roosevelt | new deal, minimum wage, emergency relief, ss |
| lindon johnson | economic opportunity, medicare, food stamps |
| American Medical Association | the largest professional organization for physicians and medical students in the U.S., dedicated to advancing medicine, improving public health, and advocating for doctors' interests through policy, education, research, and providing resources to help the |
| Conversion Therapy | Treatment programs that purport to change the sexual orientations of gays and lesbians. |
| Curandero/As | Traditional or native healers in latino/a cultures. |
| Drapetomania | A “mental illness” invented to explain why slaves tried to escape slavery. treat by removing big toe |
| Epidemiology | The study of the causes and distribution of diseases and injuries in a population. |
| Eugenics | A science concerned with improving genetic quality or desired characteristics of a population through practices of breeding and/or extermination. |
| Human Genome Project | An international research collaboration (begun in 1990, completed in 2003) that mapped all human genes. |
| Internalized Racism | The acceptance by members of minority groups of white society’s negative beliefs about, actions toward, and characterizations of them. |
| Medical Sociology | The sociological study of the field and practice of medicine and their social effects. |
| Reproductive Justice | A concept involving the right to have or not have children, and to parent children in safe and healthy environments. |
| Social Darwinism | An ideology that attempts to apply Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to people at the individual or group level over a few generations, based on a misguided and incorrect interpretation of Darwin’s work. |
| Traditional Medicine | Physical, mental, and spiritual healing that makes use of indigenous knowledge, skills, and practices that have been passed down over generations. |
| Simms is | “father” of gynecology. |
| Buck v. Bell. | upheld a state's right to sterilize a person deemed unfit to have children |
| Durkheim recognized | stress on health. Discrimination has negative physical/mental effects. Studies link racism to poor outcomes. |
| The Impact of Race: A Legacy of Mistrust | Decreased trust in medicine. Drapetomania. Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932–1972. |
| Sanger founded | American Birth Control League |
| Apprenticeship Model of Education | A form of education in which skills are transferred from a master/teacher to an apprentice/student and the skills needed to perform a job are learned on the job. |
| Atlanta Compromise | An agreement articulated by Booker T. Washington in 1895 to pacify white business owners; it suggested that blacks and whites could work together to play their economic roles while remaining socially separate. |
| Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka | The landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down the 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, making the racial segregation of public accommodations, including public schools, illegal. |
| Colonization of the Mind | From the work of Frantz Fanon, the concept that our cognitions, our ideologies, and our worldviews are often those of those in power. |
| Critical Pedagogy | Strategies of education that seek to create structures of liberation rather than reproduce the status quo. an educational philosophy and movement that urges teachers and students to question, challenge, and dismantle oppressive power structures |
| Cultural Capital | The resources that individuals have, from their social networks, that enable them to interact in certain social situations and move up the socioeconomic ladder through the adoption of particular styles, tastes, and dispositions. |
| Human Capital | The resources that individuals have from their education and training that can be traded for status in an occupational market. |
| Mendez et al. V. Westminster School District of Orange County | The 1946 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the segregation of Mexicans and non-Mexicans in public schools was found to be unconstitutional. |
| Pedagogy of Liberation | From the work of Paulo Freire, an empowering approach to education in which the pedagogical process goes both ways—teachers becoming students, students becoming teachers—leading to altered social structures of liberation and equality. |
| Plessy V. Ferguson | The landmark 1896 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court declared the doctrine of separate but equal to be constitutional and the law of the land, leading to Jim Crow segregation in all public facilities. |
| Resocialization | A process whereby an individual is taught new norms and is expected to act accordingly in order to fulfill institutional and social obligations. |
| Social Cohesion | A sense of togetherness in a social structure. |
| Socialization | The process through which individuals are taught the norms and expectations of their societies. |
| Phenotype | the set of observable, measurable characteristics of an organism |
| Pigmentrocracies | Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America is a book by sociologist Edward Telles and the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America published by the University of North Carolina Press in 2014 |
| Panethnicity | he construction of broad, overarching, and inclusive collective identities that bridge distinct, smaller national, regional, or tribal groups, such as "Asian American" or "Latino". |
| Critical Race Theory | an academic and legal framework originating in the 1970s/80s that examines how systemic racism is ingrained in legal systems, policies, and institutions, rather than just individual prejudice. |
| Feminist Theory | a critical, interdisciplinary framework aimed at understanding and ending gender inequality by examining social, political, and economic structures |
| Ideology of Domesticity | a 19th-century, upper/middle-class ideal defining women's proper role as keepers of the home, emphasizing piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity |
| Colonial Gender Systems | the forced imposition of a rigid, binary, and patriarchal European gender structure on Indigenous, African, and colonized populations to facilitate social control and economic exploitation |
| Revisionist Scholars | historians and researchers who challenge established, traditional, or "orthodox" narratives of historical events, often introducing new evidence, interpretations, or perspectives |
| Same-sex marriage is | legal nationwide in the United States following the June 26, 2015, Supreme Court ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges, which found state-level bans unconstitutional |
| Legacy of Slavery Thesis | acts as a foundational, structural force that continues to shape contemporary racial disparities in wealth, health, education, and criminal justice |
| separate spheres | posited that men and women inhabit distinct, biologically determined realms: men in the public sphere (politics, commerce, work) and women in the private sphere |
| Americans with Disabilities Act | is a comprehensive civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including employment, transportation, public accommodations, and state/local government services |
| Black Labor Organizations | historically fought both for worker rights and racial equality, ranging from the 1850 American League of Colored Laborers to modern advocacy groups |
| dame schools | 16th to 19th-century, small, private, in-home schools operated by local women (often widows) to teach young children aged roughly 2 to 7 basic reading, writing, spelling, and religious principles |
| Minority Vulnerability Thesis | posits that minority groups, even when achieving high-status"privileged" positions, remain structurally susceptible to lower economic returns, career instability, or increased risk compared to their majority counterparts |
| Pink Collar | jobs historically held by women, typically involving service-oriented, administrative, or caregiving roles such as nursing, teaching, and clerical work |
| white colar | professional, office-based roles involving mental, administrative, or managerial work, requiring specialized skills, education, and often a salary, |
| Split Labor Market | racial/ethnic antagonism arises from competition between high-wage and low-wage groups for the same jobs |
| Tuskegee Syphilis Study | The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on a group of nearly 400 African American |
| Malala Yousafzai | Pakistani activist for female education |
| Mendez et al. vs. Westminster | 1947) was a landmark federal class-action lawsuit that successfully challenged segregation of Mexican-American students in California schools |
| No Child Left Behind | 2002 by President Bush, was a bipartisan law aiming to close achievement gaps by enforcing high standards and accountability in public schools. It mandated annual testing in grades 3-8 |
| race to the top | $4.35 billion U.S. Department of Education Obama administration initiative, part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, that provided competitive grants to states for K-12 education reforms |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | a foundational document adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, after being drafted by a UN commission led by Eleanor Roosevelt |
| panethnicity | he forging of broad, inclusive group identities—such as "Asian American" "Latino" or "Native American"—that bridge distinct, smaller national, regional, or tribal identities |
| pigmentocracy | the prejudiced attitude and/or discriminatory acts against people with darker color/shade/tone skin, typically among people of the same racial or ethnic group. |
| triple glass ceilling | race, gender, class |
| anglo saxon protestants | binary gender system |
| octroon | dated and offensive 19th-century term for a person with one-eighth Black ancestry |
| creole | a hybrid culture, language, or person originating from the interaction of European (French, Spanish), African, and Native American populations during the colonization of areas like Louisiana, the Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean |
| neoliberalism theory | if u work hard, u will be rewarded |
| civil rights act of 1964 | igned by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, is a landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin |
| african american are more likely to have | preterm birth |
| native americans sent to | bording schools to civilize them |
Created by:
cwehner125