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EPID midterm

QuestionAnswer
What is Epidemiology Study of the distribution and determinants of disease in populations and applying it to prevent disease
what are the main goals of Epidemiology Describe disease patterns, identify causes, prevent disease, and evaluate interventions.
What is descriptive epidemiology? Study of disease distribution without comparison groups (person, place, time).
What is analytic epidemiology? Study of disease causes using comparison groups (exposed vs unexposed, cases vs controls).
Difference between association and causation? Association = relationship; causation = exposure causes disease.
What is incidence? Number of NEW cases in a population over time.
What is prevalence? What is prevalence?
Formula for prevalence? Prevalence = Incidence × Duration
What is risk (cumulative incidence)? Probability of developing disease.
What is the formula for risk Risk = New cases / Population at risk
What is incidence rate (incidence density)? Number of new cases per person-time.
What is the formula of Rate? Rate = New cases / Person-time
What is person-time? Total time people are at risk in study.
What is an example of person - time? 100 people × 1 year = 100 person-years
What is a case report? Study of one patient.
What is a case series? Study of multiple patients with same disease.
What is a cross-sectional study? Measures exposure and disease at one point in time.
What is an ecological study? Study using group-level data instead of individual data.
What is ecological fallacy? Group data does not represent individual risk.
What is a cohort study? Study that follows exposed and unexposed people over time to see who develops disease.
Cohort studies start with what? Exposure status.
Main measure used in cohort studies? Risk Ratio (Relative Risk)
Risk Ratio formula? RR = Risk in exposed / Risk in unexposed
Interpretation of RR = 1 No association.
Interpretation of RR > 1 Exposure increases risk.
Interpretation of RR < 1 Exposure is protective.
What is a case-control study? Study comparing cases (disease) and controls (no disease) to assess past exposure.
Case-control studies start with what? Disease status.
Main measure used in case-control studies? Odds Ratio (OR)
Odds Ratio formula? OR = (A × D) / (B × C)
Interpretation of OR = 1 No association.
Interpretation of OR > 1 Exposure increases risk.
Interpretation of OR < 1 Exposure is protective.
Why can't risk be calculated in case-control studies? Because researchers choose number of cases and controls.
When does OR approximate RR? When disease is rare (<5%).
Primary prevention definition? Prevent disease before it occurs.
Example of Primary prevention? Vaccines
Secondary prevention definition? Early detection.
Example of Secondary prevention? Screening tests
Tertiary prevention definition? Reduce complications.
Example of Tertiary prevention? Rehabilitation
What is a reservoir? Where disease normally lives.
What is a vector? Organism that spreads disease (mosquito).
What is a fomite? Object that spreads disease.
Endemic definition? Disease always present.
Epidemic definition? Sudden increase in disease.
Pandemic definition? Worldwide epidemic.
Passive surveillance definition? Doctors report disease cases.
Active surveillance definition? Public health actively searches for cases.
Mean definition? Average value.
Median definition? Middle value.
Correlation coefficient range? −1 to +1
Correlation coefficient meaning? Strength and direction of relationship.
What is disease prevalence influenced by? Incidence and duration of disease
Prevalence formula? P=I*D
Created by: user-2021436
 

 



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