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anatomy test 1
PART ONE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the thyroid gland? what hormones does it produce and what do they do? | Thyroid- located at the front and sides of the neck. Has two lobes connected by a narrow piece. Produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) which regulate metabolism. Also, calcitonin helps regulate blood calcium levels |
| what is the parathyroid gland? what hormones does it produce and what do they do? | Parathyroid- four parathyroid glands that are located on the back of the thyroid. Two superior and two inferior. Release parathyroid hormone or parathormone (PTH) and helps regulate blood calcium levels. |
| growth hormone (GH)- what does it do? where is it produced? | -protein produced by somatotroph cells, functions mainly during development and childhood, also has a role in adults -stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration - is produced in the anterior pituitary gland |
| what sorts of conditions result from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH)? | giantism- over secretion of GH in childhood = huge size and metabolic abnormalities acromegaly- over secretion of GH as adult = huge hands, feet and face due to bone and soft tissue growth over existing ones |
| what are the regions of the adrenal cortex and what do they produce? | Zona Glomerulosa(outer) = mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone-manage levels of water and salt Fasciculata (mid) = glucocorticoids, cortisol- protein and glucose levels Reticularis (inner) = gonadocorticoids ,androgens- pubic hair growth, libido |
| what is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands? | -The anterior pituitary produces hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus. -The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. |
| Hormones released by posterior pituitary gland and their function. | antidiuretic (ADH)- "water saving hormone" promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys. makes u not pee oxytocin (OT) "birth and milk ejection hormone" stimulates smooth muscle contraction during labor and milk ejection |
| Main hormones released by anterior pituitary gland and their function. | growth hormone (GH)- stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)- pigment- producing and cells (melanin) Prolactin (Prl) - stimulates and maintains milk production |
| Other hormones released by anterior pituitary gland and their function. | Thyroid stimulating hormone/ thyrotropin (TSH)- released in thyroid Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/ corticotropin (ACTH)- adrenal cortex Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) male & female - sexual reproduction Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- sexual reproduction |
| what is difference of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of blood sugar? what do they do? | insulin- protein that decreases blood sugar. transports glucose from blood into cells. glucagon- peptide hormone that increases blood sugar. transports glucose from the liver into the blood |
| what is a releasing hormone? | they are produced by the hypothalamus and stimulate production of hormones in the anterior pituitary |
| what are the symptoms of excessive or insufficient thyroid hormone release? | insufficient- weight gain, cold sensitivity. lethargy, weak pulse, low blood pressure excessive- excessive hunger, eating a lot with weight loss. heat sensitivity, nervousness, tremors, insomnia, increased HR |
| Why do some hormones affect some target cells and not others? | -each hormone has a unique molecular structure, and only cells with receptors that match the shape and chemical properties of the hormone can respond to it "lock and key" |
| Endocrine organs in the brain (discussed in class) | hypothalamus- control center, contributes to homeostasis. regulates autonomic system and controls endocrine system via pituitary glands pituitary glands- anterior and posterior pineal gland- regulates circadian rhythm and secretes melatonin |
| What important cell types produce insulin and glucagon? | alpha cells produce glucagon beta cells produce insulin |
| Names and functions of atrial ventricular valves | tricuspid (3 cusps) - controls blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle bicuspid/ mitral (2 cusps)- controls blood flow from left atrium from to the left ventricle |
| Names and functions of semilunar valves | pulmonary semilunar valve- controls blood blow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk aortic semilunar valve- controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta |
| how do atrial ventricular valves stay closed? | -"heart strings" of dense chordae tendinea anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles -papillary muscles "tug" on chordae tendinea to keep valves shut. they contract when ventricles contract |
| what are similarities/differences between endocardium and epithelium? | endocardium= inner lining of heart chambers endothelium- inner lining of blood vessels -both types of epithelial tissue in cardiovascular system |
| what is importance of iodine in the diet? | -allows t3 and t4 to be synthesized (production of thyroid hormones) - prevents thyroid from enlarging |
| what is significance of waves in ekg? ( p wave, qrs complex and t wave) | p wave- atrial depolarization (causes atria to contract) qrs complex- ventricular depolarization (signals ventricles to contract) t wave- ventricular repolarization (heart returns to resting stage, marks readiness for next beat) |
| what produces s1 and s2 sounds? when are they produced? | s1= closure of the atrial ventricular valves s2= closure of the semilunar valves |
| describe the systemic vs pulmonary circuit pathways | systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from heart-body pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from heart-lungs -Systemic-left ventricle-aorta- returns via vena cavae pulmonary-right ventricle-pulmonary arteries-returns via the pulmonary veins |
| cardiac action potential- what is the significance of the refractory period? (the refractory period is the time during which a neuron cannot fire another action potential) | -really long refractory period so the heart doesn't go into tetanus (resting) and stop pumping -ensures that the heart muscle relaxes fully before the next contraction -so the heart will always be able to relax to let blood in |
Created by:
emma.thornton