Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
2.2 Vocab Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | one of two or more alternative versions of a gene that occupy a specific position (locus) on a chromosome |
| autosomes | the numbered, non-sex chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells, representing 22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. |
| Centromere | a specialized, constricted region of DNA on a chromosome that acts as the anchor point for kinetochore assembly |
| chromatid | one of two identical, longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates during the S-phase of the cell cycle |
| chromosome | hread-like, condensed structures of DNA and proteins (histones) found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells |
| deletion mutation | a type of genetic alteration in which one or more nucleotide base pairs are removed from a DNA sequence |
| DNA | the fundamental molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of living organisms. |
| DNA Primer | a short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequence (usually 10-30 bases) that serves as the essential starting point for DNA synthesis and replication |
| dominant allele | a variant of a gene that expresses its associated phenotype (trait) even when only one copy is present |
| eukaryotic | complex, membrane-bound organisms, including humans, animals, plants, fungi, and protists, characterized by a distinct nucleus containing DNA and specialized organelles |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | a common, inherited genetic disorder characterized by severely elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, typically present from birth |
| frameshift mutation | a genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence, where the number of bases added or removed is not a multiple of three |
| gene | the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that acts as a blueprint for creating molecules essential for life, primarily proteins |
| genome | the complete set of genetic instructions (DNA, or RNA in some viruses) containing all instructions needed to build and maintain an organism |
| genotype | the specific genetic makeup or DNA sequence of an organism, representing the precise alleles inherited from parents |
| gel electrophoresis | a fundamental molecular biology technique that separates macromolecules—specifically DNA, RNA, or proteins—based on their size and electrical charge. |
| heterozygous | a genetic condition in a diploid organism where an individual inherits two different versions (alleles) of a specific gene, one from each biological parent |
| homologous chromosomes | pairs of matching chromosomes—one inherited from each parent—found in diploid cells. |
| homozygous | a genetic condition in diploid organisms where an individual inherits identical alleles (gene variants) for a specific trait at the same locus on homologous chromosomes, one from each parent |
| insertion mutation | a type of genetic mutation where one or more extra nucleotide base pairs are added into a DNA sequence. |
| karyotype | he complete, ordered set of chromosomes from a single cell of an organism |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | a single-stranded molecule of RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA in the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it acts as a template for protein synthesis (translation) by ribosomes |
| mitosis | a fundamental biomedical process of cell division where a single eukaryotic somatic cell (body cell) divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
| mutation | a permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA |
| nondisjunction | the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division |
| nucleotides | the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. |
| pedigree | a, diagram or family tree that maps the relationships between ancestors and descendants to track the inheritance of specific traits, genetic conditions, or diseases across generations |
| phenotype | he set of observable characteristics, physical traits, or behaviors of an organism |
| point mutation | a genetic alteration involving a change, insertion, or deletion of a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA or RNA sequence |
| polymerase chain reaction | a foundational laboratory technique used in molecular biology to rapidly amplify, or create millions to billions of copies of, a specific segment of DNA from a tiny, original sample |
| protein | large, essential biomolecules (macromolecules) composed of one or more long chains of amino acid residues held together by peptide bonds |
| protein synthesis | the fundamental biological process by which cells build proteins—essential for structure, function, and regulation—by translating genetic information from DNA into amino acid chains |
| punnett square | a diagram used in biology to predict the potential genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between two parents |
| recessive allele | version of a gene that only expresses its associated phenotype when an individual is homozygous |
| restriction enzyme | a protein produced by bacteria that acts as molecular scissors to cut double-stranded DNA at specific, short nucleotide sequences |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a vital, typically single-stranded nucleic acid present in all living cells and some viruses, functioning primarily to convert genetic information from DNA into proteins |
| sex chromosomes | a specialized pair of chromosomes (labeled X and Y in mammals) that determine an organism's biological sex, |
| silent mutation | a type of DNA point mutation that alters a nucleotide base but does not change the resulting amino acid sequence in a protein |
Created by:
user-2010704