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A&P Lecture 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autoimmunity | a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues and cells, as if they were foreign invaders |
| Normal risk of AD | ~8% but have a parent with an AD can increase your risk (20-25%) |
| dysbiosis= | a microbial imbalance within the body |
| What is a major contributor to genetic risk for autoimmune diseases | MHC class 1 These molecules play a vital role in the immune system recognizing self from non-self |
| Most common ADs | Most common ADs Hashimoto's (cells producing thyroid hormone) Grave’s disease (thyroid receptors) Rheumatoid arthritis Vitiligo Type 1 diabetes mellitus Pernicious anemia (intestinal cells that absorb vitamin b12) MS (myelin sheath) |
| Who makes up of 80% of cases for ADs? | Women make up 80% of cases 4:1 Women to men |
| The hygiene hypothesis suggests that a lack of exposure to various microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites, in early childhood can lead to dysregulated immune system and an increased susceptibility to allergic and autoimmune diseases | |
| Scientists find that after treating rural populations for helminth infections, | there was a sudden rise in Crohn’s disease, an autoimmune irritable bowel disease |
| Helminth therapy decreases: | Pro-inflammatory signaling molecules |
| Helminth therapy increases: | Regulatory T cells (tregs) that suppress the immune system Tregs release anti-inflammatory molecules |
| Why do women people suffer high rates of autoimmune diseases? | Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases than men due to a combination of factors, including sex chromosomes, and the immune system’s response to infection |
| X-linked inactivation: | a process in female mammals where one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell to ensure equal dosage of X-linked genes |
| Females exhibit | stronger immune responses and improved survival from infection Increased immune activation correlates with higher autoimmune susceptibility Immune cell- specific XCI regulation may contribute to loss of self-tolerance. |
| B cells= | These cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies that target self antigens (autoantibodies) |
| Cytokines= | Small signaling molecules that regulate inflammation and immune responses |
| Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: | is a chronic autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism |
| Grave’s disease: | involves autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism |
| Corticosteroids are often used to | manage autoimmune diseases by reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system’s overactivity. They work by slowing down the production of chemicals that cause inflammation, helping to alleviate symptoms and potentially slow down the proce |
| Biologics are | complex molecules, often proteins, that are produced in a lab using living cells. These proteins mimic signaling molecules in the body or are antibodies that block endogenous signaling molecules |
| Signaling pathway example | remicade to treat Crohn’s disease |
| Inhibit B or T cells example | rituximab to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Block immune cell migration example | Tysabri to treat MS |
| How does Tysabri work? | It works by preventing immune cells from entering the brain and spinal cord, which helps to reduce inflammation and nerve damage By blocking immune cells from entering the cNS, it reduced demyelination and had positive outcomes |
| Lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms of autoimmune diseases | Anti-inflammatory diet (low in sugars) Regular physical activity Stress management (mindfulness, meditation) Prioritize sleep (7-9 hours) Seek support from friends and family Vitamin D (sunlight) had positive influence on immune health |
| The future of autoimmune treatment is | rapidly shifting away from broad, long-term immunosuppression |
| Side effects include | opportunistic infections and increased risk for developing cancer |
| CAR T therapy- T-cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) for target recognition could now become a | therapeutic option for some ADs |
| Which cells stimulate the thyroid in Graves’ disease? | Autoantibodies against thyroid receptors |
Created by:
liladdoyle