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Personality
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Psychological Triad? | Thoughts, emotions (feelings), and behaviors. |
| What is the core of human psychology according to the Psychological Triad? | What people think, how they feel, and what they do. |
| Are inconsistencies between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors common? | Yes, inconsistencies are common |
| What does personality refer toAn individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior | An individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior |
| What does personality psychology aim to provide? | An integrated view of whole, functioning individuals in their daily environments |
| What is the main goal of personality psychology? | To explain the whole person in his or her daily environment |
| Why is explaining the whole person considered “Mission: Impossible”? | Because behavior is influenced by many complex and interacting causes |
| What happens when personality patterns are extreme, unusual, and cause problems? | Personality psychology overlaps with clinical psychology in the study of personality disorders. |
| Personality psychology draws from which other fields? | Social, cognitive, developmental, clinical, and biological psychology. |
| What does the Trait approach focus on? | How differences between individuals can be conceptualized, measured, and followed over time. |
| What does the Biological approach include | Anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution |
| What is the focus of the Psychoanalytic approach? | The unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict |
| What does the Phenomenological approach focus on | People’s conscious experience of the world |
| What does the Humanistic approach emphasize | Conscious awareness, uniquely human attributes, meaning, and happiness |
| What does the Cross-cultural approach study | How experiences of reality may differ across cultures |
| What does the Learning approach examine | How behavior changes due to rewards, punishments, and life experiences |
| What does Classic Behaviorism focus on | Overt (observable) behavior |
| What does Social Learning theory emphasize | How observation and self-evaluation determine behavior. |
| What does Cognitive personality theory focus on? | Cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and thought |
| Are personality approaches mutually exclusive | No, they are not mutually exclusive |
| Why do some theorists believe their approach explains everything | They believe their approach accounts for what is most important in personality |
| What is One Big Theory | A single theory that would explain all aspects of personality |
| Why is it difficult to create One Big Theory | Because a theory that explains some things will likely not explain everything |
| Why might different approaches all be necessary | Because they address different questions and key concerns about personality |
| What does personality data apply to | All parts of the psychological triad: thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| What are personality clues | Observable aspects of personality (behaviors, test scores, lab responses) used to infer personality. |
| What does Funder’s Second Law state | There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous. |
| What does Funder’s Third Law state | Something beats nothing, two times out of three |
| What is S-data? | A person’s evaluation of their own personality |
| Who is often the best expert on a person’s personality | The person him/herself. |
| What formats are used to collect S-data? | Questionnaires or surveys with rating scales or open-ended responses. |
| What is face validity? | The degree to which a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure. |
| Why does S-data provide a large amount of information | Because you are always with yourself |
| Why is S-data unique in access to thoughts and feelings? | Individuals know their own fantasies, hopes, fears, and intentions. |
| What is definitional truth in S-data? | Certain self-reports are true by definition (e.g., your own intentions). |
| What is self-efficacy | What you think you are capable of and the kind of person you think you are. |
| What is self-verification? | The tendency to seek confirmation of one’s self-concept from others. |
| Why is S-data considered simple and easy? | It is cost-effective and easy to collect |
| What is one major bias in S-data? | People may have distorted self-images or avoid admitting negative traits. |
| What is the fish-and-water effect? | People fail to notice their most obvious traits because they are always that way. |
| Why might S-data be overused? | Because it is cheap and easy to collect. |
| What is I-data? | Judgments about a person made by informants |
| Who can provide I-data | Acquaintances, coworkers, or clinical psychologists. |
| Is special training required to provide I-data | no |
| For what types of traits might I-data be more accurate than S-data? | Extremely desirable or undesirable traits |
| Why can I-data provide a large amount of information? | Observers see many behaviors in many situations; multiple informants can contribute |
| Why does I-data have a real-world basis? | It comes from real-life observation rather than lab settings. |
| Why is I-data often relevant to important outcomes | It reflects real-world functioning |
| How does common sense help in I-data | : Informants take context into account. |
| What is definitional truth in I-data? | Some personality traits are defined by what others think (e.g., reputation). |
| What is an expectancy effect (behavioral confirmation)? | When expectations about a person influence how they are treated, shaping their behavior. |
| Why does I-data have causal force? | Reputation affects opportunities and expectations. |
| Why is I-data sometimes limited? | Informants may only see the person in one context. |
| What private experiences can I-data not access? | Private thoughts and feelings. |
| What memory error affects I-data? | Informants remember extreme or emotionally arousing behaviors more easily. |
| What is the letter of recommendation effect? | The tendency to describe someone in overly positive terms. |
| How can bias affect I-data? | Informants may be influenced by prejudice (e.g., racism, sexism). |
| What kinds of traits are people likely to report accurately about themselves? | Traits that are socially acceptable or clearly observable. |
| What kinds of traits are people unlikely to report honestly? | Socially undesirable or self-threatening traits. |
| What influences others’ impressions of you? | Context, limited exposure, memory biases, expectations, and personal biases. |
| What type of research design does the trait approach mainly rely on? | Correlational designs. |
| What should traits be able to do? | Predict behavior. |
| What is the primary focus of the trait approach? | Individual differences. |
| What is a strength of the trait approach? | It assesses and attempts to understand how people differ. |
| What is a weakness of the trait approach | It neglects what people have in common and what makes each person uniquely different. |
| According to the trait perspective, every person is like whom? | Like all other people, like some other people, and like no other person. |
| What does “like all other people” mean? | Nearly everyone needs comfort, safety, stimulation, and social connection. |
| What does “like some other people” mean? | People can be grouped based on shared traits (e.g., cheerful vs. gloomy). |
| What does “like no other person” mean? | Each individual has a unique genetic makeup, experiences, and worldview. |
| Why are people sometimes inconsistent in behavior? | Situations influence behavior, not just traits. |
| How can age influence consistency? | Older people often have stable careers/families; younger people are still forming identities. |
| How is consistency related to mental health? | More consistent people tend to be less neurotic, more controlled, mature, and positive in relationships. |
| What is the central question of the person-situation debate? | Is behavior determined more by the person (traits) or the situation? |
| What event triggered the debate in 1968? | Publication of Personality and Assessment by Walter Mischel. |
| What did Mischel argue? | Behavior is too inconsistent to be accurately described by global personality traits. |
| What are the three parts of the situationist argument? | The upper limit of predicting behavior is low. Situations are more important than traits. People overestimate consistency in others. |
| What correlation did situationists argue was typical for personality prediction? | Rarely above r = .30 (later revised to .40). |
| What was the implication of these small correlations? | That personality traits may not matter much. |
| What is one complication in predicting behavior? | Some people are more consistent than others. |
| Why does behavior vary even for the same person? | Behavior fluctuates around an average level across occasions. |
| What do you need to predict someone’s behavior accurately? | Knowledge of how they generally act across many relevant situations. |
| What is relative consistency? | Individual differences remain even when situations change. |
| What does “your personality travels with you” mean? | Personality differences remain stable across situations. |
| Does one situation affect everyone the same way? A: No — individuals differ in sociability, nervousness, talka | A: No — individuals differ in sociability, nervousness, talkativeness |
| What is convergent validation? | Confidence increases when multiple sources of information agree. |
| What is interjudge agreement? | When multiple observers agree on a person’s traits. |
| What does behavioral prediction mean | Personality judgments can predict future actions |
| When do people begin judging personality? | Immediately upon meeting someone |
| What did the Passini & Norman (1966) study show | After 15 minutes of silent observation, ratings correlated above r = .30 for extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness. |
| What does this study suggest about first impressions? | People can make moderately accurate personality judgments quickly |
| What is personality? | Personality refers to an individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior |
| What do personality psychology and clinical psychology have in common? | They overlap when personality patterns become extreme, unusual, and cause problems, especially in the study of personality disorders. |
| What are the parts of the psychological triad? What do they mean? | Thoughts (what people think) Feelings/Emotions (how people feel) Behaviors (what people do) |
| What is the function of individual differences in personality psychology? | It focuses on how people differ from one another and attempts to measure and understand those differences. |
| Explain the focus of personality psychology and how it differs from other subfields. | to provide an integrated view of the whole person in their daily environment. Other subfields (social, cognitive, biological, etc.) focus on narrower aspects of behavior, while personality psychology attempts to explain the entire person. |
| Trait Approach: | Focuses on measuring and conceptualizing stable differences between individuals. |
| Biological Approach: | Focuses on anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution. |
| Psychoanalytic Approach: | Focuses on the unconscious mind and internal conflicts. |
| Phenomenological Approach: | Focuses on conscious experience. |
| Humanistic Approach: | Focuses on meaning, happiness, and uniquely human qualities. |
| Learning Approach: | Focuses on behavior changes due to rewards and punishments. |
| Classic Behaviorism | Observable behavior |
| Social Learning: | Observation and self-evaluation |
| Cognitive Personality | Perception, memory, and thought processes |
| Cross-Cultural | How reality differs across cultures |
| Why have different approaches? | Because no single theory explains everything. |
| Overall goal of personality psychology | To explain the whole person in their everyday environment. |
| Advantages of personality psychology | Provides an integrated view of individuals, Uses multiple approaches, Can predict behavior (to a degree) |
| Disadvantages of personality psychology | Prediction is limited, No perfect indicators of personality, No single theory explains everything |
| Funder’s Laws | Second Law: There are no perfect indicators of personality; only ambiguous clues. Third Law: Something beats nothing, two times out of three. |
| Kluckhohn & Murray | Every person is: Like all other people Like some other people Like no other person |
| Personality Consistency | People show relative consistency across situations. |
| Inconsistency | Behavior varies depending on situations. |
| Mischel’s View | Behavior is too inconsistent to be described by global traits. |
| Person-Situation Debate | Is behavior determined more by traits or situations? |
| Converging Criteria | Interjudge agreement Behavioral prediction Predictive validity Convergent validation |
Created by:
katievp7