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Cognitive
Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognitive Psychology | The study of internal mental processes focusing on how people perceive, think, learn, remember and problem solve |
| Cognition | Mental processes such as perception, attention and memory which the mind creates |
| Donder | First Cognitive Experiment: Studied how long it takes to make a decision, used simple reaction time and choice reaction time. |
| Donder's study | Push button as soon as light appears + using 2 lights and asking participants to push the buttons depending on the light (Right light - right button etc) See light, decide then press- interested in how long is took to make decision not just reaction time. |
| Wundt | "What are you thinking" first Psych Lab, used Analytic Introspection- periodic table of the mind |
| Ebbinghaus | What is the time course of forgetting something, he was the only participant |
| Ebbinghaus study | Repeated 13 nonsense syllables to himself, see how long it took him to learn the list then he waits and sees how long it took to relearn. Decrease in remembering occurs over first 2 days rapidly. |
| James | Wrote one of the first psychology textbooks, observations were not based on empirical evidence but observing his own mind |
| John Watson | Little Albert experiment, proposed Behaviorism |
| Little Albert Experiment | Presented Albert with white rat and introduced loud bang of metal pipes anytime they would interact. resulted in fear for 9 month Albert. |
| Classical Conditioning | Pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response |
| Skinner's Operant Conditioning | How behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive and negative reinforcements and punishments |
| Skinner's Experiment | Skinner showed that reinforcing a rat with food for pressing a bar increased the rats rate of pressing the bar |
| Edward Tolman (1938) | Put Mice in a maze with food at different locations in the maze - introduced whole idea of Cognitive Map |
| Cognitive Map | Having an idea in your head of your spacial awareness - bedroom at dark, can still make it back to your bed |
| Cognitive Revolution | A shift in psychology from the behaviorists focus on the stimulus response relationships |
| Paradigm | System of ideas that dominate science at a particular time |
| Introduction to computers | 1954, Input processor – memory unit – arithmetic unit – computer output (took this and applied it to cognition) |
| Information Processing Approach | An approach which traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition: Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory |
| Logic Theorist (1956) | First program created that used human-like reasoning to solve mathematical proofs |
| Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of Memory | Studying higher mental processes |
| The flow of memory system four stages: | Sensory, Short term, Rehearsal and Long term |
| Sensory Memory | Holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes it to Short term memory |
| Short Term Memory | Low capacity, holds information for a few seconds |
| Rehearsal | Repeating mental information to not forget it |
| Long Term Memory | High capacity, holds information for long periods of time |
| Long Term Memory 3 branches | Episodic, Semantic and Procedural |
| Episodic | Memory for events in your life (what did you do this weekend) |
| Semantic | Memory for facts (your name, ABC's, address) |
| Procedural | Memory for physical actions (riding a bike) |
| Neuropsychology | The study of behavioral effects of brain damage in humans |
| Electrophysiology | Techniques used to measure electrical responses to of the nervous system |
| Brain imaging | PET scan, fMRI scan - using technology to capture images of the brain and brain activity |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | The study of the physiological basis of cognition- physical, biological mechanisms that create our perceptions and thoughts |
| Levels of Analysis | 1. The whole structure of the brain 2. Individual regions of the brain 3. Cells of the brain 4. Molecules of the brain |
| Nerve Net | A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers |
| Parts of a neuron | Cell body (soma), dendrites and axon |
| Resting Potential | -70 millivolts neurons sit at rest |
| Action Potential | Neuron fire, from rest to actio, peaks at 40 millivolts |
| Edgar Adrian | 1928, studied neurons firing and sensory experience |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that are released at the SYNAPSE in response to incoming action potentials |
| Dopamine | Reward Seeking behaviors, motivation, pleasure, movement, and memory |
| Serotonin | Regulates mood, sleep, digestion, wound healing and bone health |
| GABA | Reduces neural excitability and promotes calmness |
| Types of Sensations | Across and within |
| Across | Being able to tell the difference between sight and a sound |
| Within | Being able to tell the different between red and green - different stimuli within the same sense |
| Cat experiment | 1 group of cats exposed to horizontal environment, the other exposed to vertical - can't see the opposite movements |
| Gross Experiment | Experimented on monkeys attempting to track neural activity based on certain stimuli- some neurons are made to handle complex stimuli and others handle simple stimuli (Hierarchical processing) |
| Population Coding | Representation of an object by the pattern of firing within a large group of neurons |
| Sparce Coding | When a particular object is represented by a pattern within a small group of neurons |
| Localization of Function | Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain |
| Many cognitive functions are served by the... | Cerebral Cortex |
| Broca's Area | Located behind frontal lobe, responsible for coherent language |
| Broca's Aphasia | Slow, labored ungrammatical speech, broken grammer, non-fluent |
| Seeing Stars | Hit occipital lobe |
| Emotional Regulation | Parietal lobe |
| Unconscious Control Center, breathing, heart rate | Cerebellum (Power Puff Girls reference) |
| Brains evolve from... | Bottom up (brain stem - lizard brain) |
| Wernickes Area | Temporal lobe, tend to be incoherent - difficulty understanding themselves when they speak - fluent but word salad |
| Fusiform Face Area (FFA) | Area in the temporal lobe that responds selectively to faces (Facial blindness if damaged - Johnny Depp) |
| Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) | Perceives the difference in outdoor and indoor scenes |
| Extrastriate Body Area (EBA) | Activated by pictures of body parts but not faces |
| Default mode network | a network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific task, amygdala gets a little stressed as there is nothing to stimuli it |
| Speech Segmentation | The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal |
| Bottom - Up Processing | The sound enters the ears and triggers signals that are sent to speech areas of the brain |
| Top - Down Processing | If the listener understands the language, their knowledge of the language create the perceptions of individual words |
| Process of learning transitional probabilities is.. | Statistical learning (babies start this as young as 8 months) |
| Saffran 1996 experiment | Ran an experiment on infants During the learning phase of the experiment, infants heard four nonsense words - bidaku, padoti, golabu, tupiro Ran dialogue, mix parts words - babies paid more attention to part words |
| Helmhotz 1821 - 1894 | Made the realization that the image on the retina is ambiguous - same picture can mean many things from different POVS |
| Experience Dependent plasticity | The shaping of neural responses by the experiences we have - having an experience that changes the neural wires and connections - can happen simply from having a conversation |
| Ungerleider and Mishkin 1982 | Took out parts of monkeys brains to see changes: 1 group: Temporal lobe removed. 2 group: Parietal lobe removed |
| Monkeys with Temporal Lobe removed | Had difficulty with object discrimination task, Ventral "What" pathway damage, they saw everything but ventral pathway cannot continue from occipital lobe to temporal |
| Monkeys with Parietal Lobe removed | Failed landmark test, messed up "Where" pathway (Parietal to temporal) |
| Mirror Neurons | Neurons that respond while doing a task and while watching others doing a task |
| Mirror Neurons System | Within every lobe there are sets/collective system of mirror neurons meant for copying what you see other people do (Monkey see monkey do) |
| Selective Attention | Attending to one thing while ignoring the other |
| Distraction Attention | One stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus |
| Attention Capture | A rapid shift in attention caused by a stimulus |
| Broadbent’s filter model of attention | Model of attention that proposed a filter of our attention (Cocktail party effect) |
| Late selection models of attention | Rather than cutting out stimuli based on its characteristics, it is processed based on its meaning |
| Processing Capacity | The amount of information people can handle |
| Perceptual load | Related to the difficulty of a task |
| Low load tasks | A task that used few resources leaving capacity to handle other tasks (Laundry and fting mom) |
| High load tasks | a task that uses most or all of a persons resources leaving little left for other tasks (Driving) |
| Load theory of attention | Proposal that the ability to ignore task irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task |
| Stroop Effect (Colors + word experiment) | Using a task which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, the color of ink that a word is printed in, this causes a competing response, slowing down response time |
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