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PBS 2.1.5 Diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration. |
| Hypertonic | A solution with more solute (less water) than the cell; water moves out of the cell and it shrinks. |
| Hypotonic | A solution with less solute (more water) than the cell; water moves into the cell and it swells. |
| Isotonic | A solution with equal solute concentration as the cell; water moves in and out equally and the cell stays the same. |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas. |
| Telemedicine / Telehealth | The use of technology such as video calls or apps to provide healthcare remotely. |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers made by glands that travel through the bloodstream to control body functions. |
| Metabolism | All the chemical reactions in the body that maintain life. |
| Cellular Respiration Equation | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (energy). |
| Reactant(s) | The starting substances in a chemical reaction. |
| Product(s) | The substances produced by a chemical reaction. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | The cell’s main energy molecule, often called the energy currency of the cell. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A disease in which the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels. |
| Type 1 Diabetes | An autoimmune disease where the body destroys insulin-producing beta cells and makes little or no insulin. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | A condition in which the body makes insulin but the cells do not respond properly (insulin resistance). |
| Gestational Diabetes | Diabetes that develops during pregnancy. |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar. |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar. |
| Autoimmune Disorder | A condition in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. |
| Organic Macromolecules / Biomolecules | Large carbon-based molecules essential for life. |
| Carbohydrates | Sugars and starches mainly used for quick energy. |
| Proteins | Molecules made of amino acids that build and repair tissues and act as enzymes. |
| Lipids | Fats and oils used for long-term energy storage and cell membranes. |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA molecules that store and transmit genetic information. |
| Insulin | A hormone that lowers blood glucose by helping cells take in glucose. |
| Glucose | A simple sugar in the blood used by cells for energy. |
| Glucagon | A hormone that raises blood glucose by signaling the liver to release stored glucose. |
| Negative Feedback Loop | A control system that reverses a change to maintain balance. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | A control system that amplifies a change until a specific event occurs. |
| Blood Glucose Meter (Glucometer) | A device that measures blood sugar from a small finger-prick sample. |
| Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) | A wearable sensor that tracks glucose levels in real time throughout the day. |
| Insulin Pump | A small device that delivers insulin continuously through a tube under the skin. |
| Pancreas | An organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar. |
| Alpha Cell | Pancreatic cells that release glucagon to raise blood sugar. |
| Beta Cells | Pancreatic cells that produce insulin to lower blood sugar. |
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