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Maternity/Peds Exam1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Healthy People 2030 goals related to women’s health? | Increase mammograms >40 yrs; increase Pap tests >21 yrs; reduce osteoporosis fractures; reduce STIs & PID. |
| What does breast self‑examination (BSE) teach? | Helps women detect breast changes early; performed monthly. |
| What is vulvar self‑examination (VSE)? | Inspection of vulva for lesions, color changes, or abnormalities. |
| Define amenorrhea. | Absence of menstruation; normal before menarche, during pregnancy, after menopause. |
| Difference between primary and secondary amenorrhea? | Primary: never menstruated. Secondary: menstruation stops after previously occurring. |
| What is abnormal uterine bleeding? | Bleeding that is too frequent, too long, or too heavy. |
| Common causes of abnormal uterine bleeding? | Pregnancy complications, lesions, contraceptive breakthrough bleeding, endocrine disorders, anovulation. |
| What is mittelschmerz? | Mid‑cycle ovulation pain. |
| Primary vs secondary dysmenorrhea? | Primary: no pelvic pathology. Secondary: caused by a disorder (e.g., endometriosis). |
| What causes dysmenorrhea pain? | Vasopressins & prostaglandins → strong uterine contractions. Endometriosis |
| What is endometriosis? | Endometrial‑like tissue outside uterus causing chronic pain, inflammation, and dyspareunia. |
| What causes PMDD? | Abnormal serotonin response to estrogen changes. |
| When do PMDD symptoms occur? | Between ovulation and menstruation; absent the week after menses. |
| Symptoms of PMDD? | Depression, anxiety, irritability, appetite/sleep changes, breast tenderness, bloating, headaches. |
| What factors disrupt normal vaginal flora? | Antibiotics, douching, intercourse (↑ pH), uncontrolled diabetes. |
| How to prevent vaginal infections? | Cotton underwear, avoid tight clothing, wipe front‑to‑back, avoid douching, exercise, high‑fiber/low‑fat diet. |
| Nurse’s role in STI prevention? | Education, identifying high‑risk behaviors, safe sex counseling, nonjudgmental support. |
| What causes TSS? | Staph aureus toxins trapped in reproductive tract. |
| Risk factors of TSS? | High‑absorbency tampons, diaphragm/cervical cap use. |
| Symptoms of TSS? | Sudden fever, flu‑like symptoms, hypotension, sunburn‑like rash, skin peeling on palms/soles. |
| TSS Prevention? | Change tampons q4h, avoid super‑absorbent tampons, use pads at night, remove diaphragm as directed. |
| What does hormonal contraception do? | Prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, thins endometrium. |
| ACHES warning signs? | -Abdominal pain -Chest pain -Headache -Eye problems Severe leg pain |
| Meds that decrease oral contraceptive effectiveness? | Ampicillin, tetracycline, anticonvulsants, rifampin, barbiturates. |
| Natural family planning failure rate? | 20%. |
| Emergency contraception timing? | Within 72 hours; some require second dose 12 hours later. |
| Unreliable contraceptive methods? | Withdrawal, douching, breastfeeding alone. |
| Define menopause. | No menses for 12 months due to ↓ estrogen. |
| What is climacteric? (menopause) | Perimenopause (2–8 years before menopause). |
| Treatment options for menopause? | Exercise, ↑ calcium/magnesium, high‑fiber diet, HRT (risk‑based), alternative therapies. |
| Nursing care for menopause? | Teach HRT risks/benefits, report post‑menopausal bleeding, encourage weight‑bearing exercise. |
| How many chromosomes in a body cell? | 46 (22 pairs autosomes + 1 pair sex chromosomes). |
| What influences fetal development? | Teratogens, drugs, smoking, undernutrition. |
| Where does fertilization occur? | Outer third of fallopian tube. |
| What prevents multiple sperm entry? | Chemical change in ovum membrane after fertilization. |
| What determines fetal sex? | Sperm (X or Y). |
| XX vs XY? (chromosomes) | -XX = female -XY = male. |
| What is cleavage? (zygote transport) | Rapid mitotic division without increasing size. |
| What is a morula? | Solid ball of cells. |
| Where does implantation occur? | Upper posterior uterine wall. |
| What is decidua basalis? | Maternal part of placenta. |
| Functions of amniotic fluid? | Temperature regulation, prevents skin adhesion, allows movement, cushions fetus/cord. |
| Function of yolk sac? | Produces RBCs until liver takes over at 6 weeks. |
| Ectoderm forms? | Skin, hair, nails, sense organs. |
| Mesoderm forms? | Muscles, bones, blood vessels, kidneys. |
| Endoderm forms? | Lining of respiratory, digestive, urinary tracts. |
| Zygote timeframe? | Conception → 2 weeks. |
| Embryo timeframe? | 2–8 weeks. |
| Fetus timeframe? | 9 weeks → birth. |
| Age of viability? (prenatal stages) | 20 weeks (requires NICU). |
| Placental functions? | Gas exchange, nutrient transfer, waste removal, hormone production. |
| Placental hormones? | Progesterone, estrogen, hCG, hPL. |
| Vessels in umbilical cord? | 2 arteries (away from fetus), 1 vein (to fetus). |
| What protects vessels in umbilical cord? | Wharton’s jelly. |
| Three shunts? (Fetal Circulation) | Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus. |
| When do shunts close? (Fetal Circulation) | FO: 2 hrs; DA: 15 hrs; DV: when cord cut. |
| Monozygotic vs dizygotic twins? | -Monozygotic: one ovum → identical. -Dizygotic: two ova → fraternal. |
| When do male hormonal changes begin? | 10–16 years. |
| Secondary sex characteristics? | Hair growth, deeper voice, muscle growth. |
| Function of testes? | Produce sperm & androgens. |
| Function of epididymis? | Stores sperm 2–10 days; maturation. |
| Function of seminal vesicles/prostate? | Nourish sperm, protect from vaginal acidity. |
| What is the vulva? | External female genitalia. |
| Function of Bartholin glands? | Lubricate vaginal opening during arousal. |
| Normal pH? (vagina) | 4–5. |
| Functions of vagina? | Sperm entry, menstrual drainage, birth canal. |
| Functions of cervix? | Lubrication, bacteriostatic action, alkaline environment for sperm, mucus plug in pregnancy. |
| Four sections of fallopian tubes? | Interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum. |
| Functions of Fallopian Tubes? | Sperm passage, fertilization site, transport of ovum/zygote. |
| Two functions of ovaries? | Hormone production (estrogen/progesterone) & ovum maturation. |
| Most favorable pelvic type for birth? | Gynecoid. |
| What triggers ovulation? | LH surge. |
| What happens if ovum not fertilized? | Corpus luteum degenerates → ↓ estrogen/progesterone → menstruation. |
| Who discovered handwashing prevents puerperal fever? | Semmelweis. |
| Who used silver nitrate to prevent newborn blindness? | Karl Crede. |
| What does WIC provide? | Supplemental food & education for families in need. |
| What does FMLA allow? | 12 weeks unpaid leave without losing benefits. |
| Purpose of HIPAA? | Protect patient health information. |
| Purpose of HITECH? | Protect electronic health records; track access. |
| Steps of nursing process? | Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation. |
| What is critical thinking? | Purposeful, evidence‑based thinking for clinical decisions. |
| What does SBAR stand for? | Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation. |
Created by:
yolandalemon719