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pharm exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Increased afterload causes what | Increased cardiac workload |
| What is blood pressure definition | Force exerted on arterial walls by pulsing blood from the heart |
| The bigger the hose the what | Lower blood pressure |
| Arterial narrowing leads to what | Increased vascular resistance and elevated blood pressure |
| What is cardiac output formula | Stroke volume times heart rate |
| What is cardiac output definition | Amount of blood ejected from ventricles per minute |
| What is cardiac output measured in | Liters per minute |
| What triggers RAAS | Renal ischemia low sodium or high potassium |
| What is renin | Enzyme released from kidneys when blood flow is low |
| Renal ischemia can be caused by what | Trauma or rapid blood loss |
| Low renal blood flow leads to what | Release of angiotensinogen from liver |
| Angiotensinogen converts to what | Angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin II is what | Potent vasoconstrictor |
| Where does angiotensin I convert to II | In the lungs |
| Angiotensin II stimulates release of what | Aldosterone |
| What is aldosterone | Steroid hormone from adrenal glands |
| Aldosterone causes what | Sodium and water retention and potassium excretion |
| Water follows what | Sodium |
| End result of RAAS activation | Increased blood pressure and renal perfusion |
| Is hypertension curable | No lifelong therapy required |
| What is dyslipidemia | High cholesterol |
| Common gender for hypertension | Male |
| ACE inhibitors full name | Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors |
| ARBs full name | Angiotensin II receptor blockers |
| Beta blockers full name | Beta adrenergic blockers |
| ACE inhibitors mechanism | Block conversion of angiotensin I to II |
| If angiotensin II decreases what happens | Decreased vasoconstriction |
| Decreased aldosterone leads to what | Decreased sodium and water retention and lower blood pressure |
| Most common ACE inhibitor side effect | Dry nonproductive cough |
| Why ACE inhibitors cause cough | Bradykinin accumulation |
| ACE inhibitor contraindications | Pregnancy and hyperkalemia |
| ACE inhibitor prototypes | Captopril enalapril lisinopril |
| ARBs mechanism | Block angiotensin II receptors |
| Most common ARB side effect | Headache, upper respiratory infection |
| ARB contraindications | Pregnancy hyperkalemia severe renal impairment |
| ARB prototypes | Losartan olmesartan |
| Beta blockers block what receptors | Beta one and beta two receptors |
| Beta one receptors location | Heart |
| Beta two receptors location | Lungs |
| Negative chronotrope meaning | Decreased heart rate |
| Negative inotrope meaning | Decreased myocardial contractility |
| Major risk of nonselective beta blockers | Bronchoconstriction |
| Beta blocker side effects | Bradycardia hypotension bronchospasm |
| Beta blocker prototypes | Propranolol metoprolol atenolol |
| Calcium channel blockers mechanism | Block calcium entry into cardiac and smooth muscle cells |
| Therapeutic effects of CCB | Decreased heart rate contractility and blood pressure |
| CCB side effects | Bradycardia peripheral edema |
| CCB examples | Verapamil diltiazem amlodipine nifedipine |
| General function of diuretics | Increase urine output and remove sodium and water |
| Loop diuretics act where | Loop of Henle |
| Loop diuretic prototype | Furosemide |
| Loop diuretic major side effect | Hypokalemia |
| Potassium sparing diuretics retain what | Potassium |
| Potassium sparing prototype | Spironolactone |
| Major risk of potassium sparing diuretics | Hyperkalemia |
| Thiazide diuretics act where | Distal tubule |
| Thiazide prototype | Hydrochlorothiazide |
| Thiazide side effects | Hypokalemia hyperglycemia increased lipids |
| Osmotic diuretics used for what | Increased intracranial pressure |
| Osmotic diuretic prototype | Mannitol |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for what | Glaucoma and altitude sickness |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor prototype | Acetazolamide |
| Alpha antagonists used for what | Hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| Alpha antagonist side effect | Orthostatic hypotension |
| Alpha antagonist examples | Doxazosin prazosin |
| Alpha and beta blocker prototype | Carvedilol |
| Alpha two agonist prototype | Clonidine |
| Alpha two agonists decrease what | Sympathetic outflow and renin release, lowers production of norepinephrine |
| Direct vasodilator prototype | Hydralazine |
| Vasodilator side effects | Headache dizziness tachycardia |
| Labs to monitor with diuretics | BUN creatinine potassium magnesium |
| Monitor with antihypertensives | Blood pressure and heart rate |
| Beta blockers can mask what | Hypoglycemia symptoms |
| Stopping clonidine abruptly causes what | Rebound hypertension |
| What is afterload | Resistance heart must overcome to eject blood |
| Target organ disease occurs in who | Patients with prolonged hypertension |
| Heart complications of prolonged hypertension | Ventricular hypertrophy angina myocardial infarction heart failure |
| Brain complications of prolonged hypertension | Transient ischemic attack and cerebrovascular accident |
| Kidney complication of prolonged hypertension | Nephropathy |
| Retinopathy definition | Vision impairment due to vascular damage |
| Peripheral vascular disease in hypertension | Plaque and fatty deposits causing narrowed arteries |
| Therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors | Decreased blood pressure decreased resistance decreased afterload renal protection |
| Indications for ACE inhibitors | Hypertension heart failure myocardial infarction renal protection in diabetes |
| Precautions for ACE inhibitors | Renal impairment concurrent antihypertensives increased risk angioedema in African Americans |
| Nursing actions for ACE inhibitors | Monitor blood pressure intake output weight renal function potassium |
| Physical assessment focus for ACE inhibitors | Cardiac and pulmonary |
| Therapeutic effects of ARBs | Decreased blood pressure decreased afterload renal protection |
| Indications for ARBs | Hypertension heart failure myocardial infarction ACE intolerance |
| Precautions for ARBs | Renal impairment concurrent antihypertensives |
| Nursing actions for ARBs | Monitor blood pressure intake output weight potassium renal function |
| Therapeutic effects of beta blockers | Decreased heart rate decreased contractility decreased oxygen demand decreased blood pressure |
| Indications for beta blockers | Hypertension angina dysrhythmias heart failure |
| Precautions for beta blockers | Pulmonary disease bradycardia heart failure diabetes masking hypoglycemia |
| Nursing actions for beta blockers | Monitor blood pressure heart rate pulmonary status weight |
| Therapeutic effects of calcium channel blockers | Decreased heart rate decreased contractility decreased blood pressure coronary artery dilation |
| Indications for calcium channel blockers | Hypertension angina dysrhythmias Raynaud migraine |
| Precautions for calcium channel blockers | Bradycardia heart block heart failure fluid overload |
| Nursing actions for calcium channel blockers | Monitor blood pressure heart rate edema weight |
| Indications for loop diuretics | Fluid overload heart failure renal disease hypertension |
| Contraindications for loop diuretics | Anuria severe dehydration electrolyte imbalance sulfa allergy |
| Nursing actions for loop diuretics | Monitor blood pressure intake output potassium magnesium renal labs |
| Patient teaching for loop diuretics | Change positions slowly due to dizziness |
| Indications for potassium sparing diuretics | Hypertension edema hyperaldosteronism |
| Contraindications for potassium sparing diuretics | Renal failure hyperkalemia dehydration |
| Nursing actions for potassium sparing diuretics | Monitor blood pressure intake output potassium renal labs |
| Indications for thiazide diuretics | Hypertension heart failure edema |
| Contraindications for thiazide diuretics | Renal failure hypokalemia |
| Nursing actions for thiazide diuretics | Monitor blood pressure intake output electrolytes |
| Osmotic diuretics mechanism | Increase osmotic pressure in filtrate pulling water into tubules |
| Therapeutic effects of osmotic diuretics | Reduce intracranial pressure increase urine output |
| Indications for osmotic diuretics | Increased intracranial pressure early acute renal failure |
| Contraindications for osmotic diuretics | Severe renal disease pulmonary edema |
| Nursing actions for osmotic diuretics | Monitor blood pressure intake output neurological pulmonary renal status |
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors mechanism | Decrease sodium bicarbonate reabsorption and reduce aqueous humor production |
| Therapeutic effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Lower intraocular pressure alter acid base balance |
| Precautions for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Electrolyte imbalance fluid disturbance |
| Nursing actions for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | Monitor blood pressure intake output electrolytes acid base balance |
| Alpha antagonists mechanism | Block adrenergic receptors causing vasodilation |
| Therapeutic effects of alpha antagonists | Lower blood pressure relax prostate smooth muscle |
| Contraindications for alpha antagonists | Acute heart failure |
| Nursing actions for alpha antagonists | Monitor blood pressure heart rate urinary function |
| Alpha and beta blockers mechanism | Block alpha and beta receptors causing decreased heart rate and vasodilation |
| Therapeutic effects of alpha and beta blockers | Lower blood pressure decrease heart failure progression |
| Indications for alpha and beta blockers | Heart failure hypertension angina |
| Nursing actions for alpha and beta blockers | Monitor heart rate blood pressure pulmonary status |
| Alpha two agonists mechanism | Decrease sympathetic outflow from central nervous system and decreases production of norepinephrine and renin activity |
| Therapeutic effects of alpha two agonists | Lower blood pressure reduce withdrawal symptoms |
| Precautions for alpha two agonists | Recent myocardial infarction renal or liver disease |
| Nursing actions for alpha two agonists | Monitor blood pressure heart rate do not stop abruptly |
| Direct vasodilators mechanism | Relax arterial smooth muscle |
| Therapeutic effects of direct vasodilators | Lower blood pressure decrease afterload |
| Indications for direct vasodilators | Severe or malignant hypertension |
| Contraindications for direct vasodilators | Acute myocardial infarction cerebral edema |
| Nursing actions for direct vasodilators | Monitor blood pressure heart rate |
Created by:
shinykwon