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hgap vocab unit 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fertile crescent | area in SW Asia that includes the river valleys of the Tigris and euphrates; the earliest center for domestication of seed plants |
| agribusiness | large corporation that provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry |
| pesticide | material used to kill or repel animals or insects that can damage, destroy, or inhibit crop growth |
| long lot survey system | unit-block surveying system whose basic unit is a rectangle that is typically 10 times longer than it is wide |
| metes and bounds | survey system that uses natural features such as trees, boulders, and streams to delineate property boundaries |
| mixed crop and livestock | diversified system of agriculture based on the cultivation of cereal grains and root crops (potatoes & yams) and the rearing of herd livestock |
| commodity chain | series of links connecting a commodity's many places of production, distribution, and consumption |
| extensive farming | crop cultivation and livestock rearing systems that require little hired labor or monetary investment to successfully raise crops and animals |
| Community Supported Agriculture | direct-to-consumer marketing arrangement in which h farmers are guaranteed byers for their produce at guaranteed prices and consumers receive fresh food directly from the producers |
| cereal grains | seeds that come from a wide variety of grasses cultivated around the world, including wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, and maize |
| division of labor | how a group divides the range of tasks within a social system, in subsistence tasks are generally divided based on age and gender |
| von thunen | German scholar-farmer developed a model that combined bid-rent theory with the notion of transportation cost to understand spatial distribution and intensity of agriculture |
| runoff | flow of rain or irrigation water over land- during this process soil and agrichemicals are transported to streams or lowland marshes |
| soil salinization | concentration of dissolved salts in the soil (high soil salinity results from poor irrigation practices) |
| urban farming | practice of growing fruits and vegetables on small private plots or shared community gardens within the confines of a city |
| dispersed settlement pattern | families live relatively distant from one another |
| Paddy Rice Farming | system of wet rice cultivation on small level fields border by impermeable dikes; the field (paddies) are flood with 4 to 6 inches of water for about three-quarters of growing season |
| fair trade | certification program that supports good crop prices for farmers and environmentally sound farming practices |
| intensive farming | cropp cultivation and livestock rearing systems that use high levels of labor and capital relative to the size of the landholding |
| subsidies | guarantee prices for staple food crops |
| food desert | area with limited access to fresh, nutritious foods |
| Local Food Movements | A collaborative movement to create more locally based and self-reliant agricultural economies in order to support the social health of a small community. |
| biodiversity | variety and variability among species and ecosystems |
| food insecurity | occurs when large numbers of people experience long periods of inadequate diets |
| domestication of plants | deliberately planted, protected, cared for, and used by humans |
| linear settlement pattern | buildings are arranged in a line, often along a road or river, limited to areas where legal systems dictated that property lines must be rectangular |
| mechanical reaper | machine used to harvest grain crops mechanically; patented by cyrus McCormick in 1831 |
| terrace farming | a type of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world |
| GMO | crops and livestock produced through genetic engineering |
| township and range | land survey system created by land ordinance 1785, divides most of the country's territory into a grid or square shaped townships with 6 mile sides |
| clustered settlement pattern | tightly bunched farm settlement that has anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred inhabitants |
| enclosure movement | wealthy landowners in England began to enlarge their farms or fence large blocks of land, changes the cultural landscape |
| green revolution | US Supported development of high yield seed varieties that increased the productivity of cereal crops and accompanying agricultural technologies for transfer to LDC's |
| synthetic fertilizer | industrially manufactured introgen, phosphorus, and potassium, made from petroleum by-products contains higher concentrations of nutrients for plants than natural fertilizers |
| value added specialty crops | crop whose physical state or form has been changed; example cotton candy grapes |
| double cropping | planting another crop on the same plot of land as soon as the first crop has been harvested |
| aquaculture | cultivation and harvesting of aquatic organism under controlled conditions |
| Columbian exchange | interaction and widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, disease, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th & 16th centuries |
| global supply chain | agribusinesses, organized at the global scale, encompasses all elements of growing, harvesting, processing, transporting, marketing, consuming, and disposing of food for people |
| deforestation | clearing and destruction of forests to clear land for agriculture use |
| cash crop | crop raised to be sold for profit rather than to feed the farm family, examples: cotton, flax, coffee, tobacco |
| dairying | farming system that specializes in the breeding, rearing, and utilization of livestock (primarily cows) to produce milk and its various by-products, such as yogurt, butter, and cheese |
| subsistence agriculture | food production mainly for consumption by the farming family and local community |
| market gardening | small scale farming system in which a farmer plants one to a few acres that produce a diverse mixture of vegetable and fruits, mostly for sale in local and regional markets |
| plantation agriculture | large landholding devoted to capital intensive, specialized production of a single tropical or subtropical crop for the global marketplace |
| domestication of animals | the long term process through which humans selectively breed, protect, and care for an animal that depends on people for food and shelter is different from wild ancestors |
| truck farm | a scaled-up version of market gardening, with more acreage, less crop diversity - typically concentrate on one product, and a stronger orientation toward more distant marketing |
| slash and burn agriculture (swidden) | involves cutting small plots in forests or woodlands, burning the cuttings to clear the ground and release nutrients and planting in the ash of the cleared plot |
| livestock ranching | practice of using extensive tracts of land or rear herds of livestock to sell as meat, hides, or wool |
| sorghum | grain plant native to northeast Africa |
| monocropping | cultivation of a single commercial crop on extensive tracts of land |
| organic farming | production of crops and livestock using ecological processes, natural biodiversity, and renewable resources rather than industrial practices and synthetic inputs |
| bid rent theory | explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases |
| seed drill | machine for planting seeds in a row, primary innovation of 2nd agricultural revolution |
| sustainable agriculture | commitment to satisfying human food and textile needs and to enhancing the quality of life for farmers and society as whole, now and in the future it requires a balance among feeding the growing population, minimizing environmental impacts, and social j |
| shifting cultivation | farming a plot of land until it becomes less productive, typically over a period of about three to five years; when productivity drops the farmer shifts to a new plot of land that has been prepared by slash and burn agriculture |
| proprietary seeds | seeds that are developed and entirely owned by a company |
| commercial agriculture | farming oriented exclusively toward the production of agricultural commodities for sale in the market |
| cool chain | system that uses refrigeration and food-freezing technologies to keep farm produce fresh in climate-controlled environments at every stage of transport from field to retail grocers and restaurants |
| grain farming | highly mechanized commercial farming system that specializes in the production of cereal grains; requires large farms and widespread use of machinery, synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, and genetically engineered seeds |
| high-yield seeds | seeds first developed during Green Revolution by cross breeding to increase crop production |
| biotechnology | the use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production |
| herbicide | type of pesticide designed to kill or inhibit the growth of unwanted plants (weeds) |
| desertification | process by which once-fertile land becomes desert as a result of climate variation or human activities |
| nomadic pastoralism | system of breeding and rearing herd livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, by following the seasonal movement of rainfall to areas of open pasturelands |
| commodity | in agriculture, a primary product that can be bought and sold, such as coffee, rice, or milk |
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