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HISTO EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are epithelia important to health? | Protection Prevent infection & dehydration Absorption Get nutrients into bloodstream Secretion Control hormones & digestion Filtration Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance Sensory Help you interact with environment |
| Define atherosclerosis | Plaque build up IN ARTERIES |
| What type of epithelial cells make up the outer layer of skin? | Stratified squamous epithelial cells (keratinized). They protect against: Mechanical injury Infection Water loss |
| Why are squamous epithelial cells clinically significant? | Because they can give rise to squamous cell carcinoma, one of the most common cancers. |
| Why do many cancers originate from epithelial tissue? | Because epithelial cells: Divide frequently Are exposed to environmental damage Accumulate mutations over time Most cancers are carcinomas, meaning they originate from epithelium. |
| Define Carcinoma: | malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue |
| Define Adenocarcinoma: | malignant tumor derived from a gland |
| Define Sarcomas: | cancers of connective tissue |
| What is special about cadherins? | They are Ca²⁺-dependent adhesion proteins that mediate (cell-to-same-cell-type) binding. |
| Why is cadherin disruption important in cancer? | Cadherins maintain cell–cell adhesion. When disrupted → cells lose adhesion → increased uncontrolled growth and potential spread. |
| Epithelial nomenclature changes depending on location: Define the endothelium of a blood vessel: | internal lining of the blood vessel that is *closed to the outside world |
| Epithelial nomenclature changes depending on location: Define epithelium of ex: GI tract | The Gi tract can have a scope through it and it faces an open space for secretions *open to the outside world (even the gut tube!) |
| What are the three domains of an epithelial cell? | Apical – faces lumen/exterior Lateral – faces neighboring cells Basal – faces basement membrane |
| What is the function of the apical domain? | Specialized for interaction with the lumen: Absorption, secretion, or transport (often has microvilli or cilia) |
| What is the function of the lateral domain? | Cell–cell adhesion and communication. |
| What is the function of the basal domain? | Anchors the cell to the basement membrane (basal lamina) and connects to underlying tissue. |
| How are epithelia classified? | Number of layers → simple (1) or stratified (>1) Cell shape → squamous, cuboidal, columnar Named after the top layer. Main types: Simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar OR Stratified squamous, cuboidal, Stratified columnar |
| What are the key exceptions to standard epithelial classification? | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar → looks multilayered but is one layer (airways; often with goblet cells & cilia) Transitional epithelium → stretches and changes shape (urinary tract) (LOOK FOR BI-NUCELEATED ROUND-DOME CELLS) |
| What defines an exocrine gland? | Secretes to an external surface (or lumen) Has a duct that carries the secretion. |
| What are the two main structural components of an exocrine gland? | Duct (often cuboidal epithelium) Secretory units (produce the substance) |
| How do epithelial glands develop? | From proliferation and invagination of surface epithelial cells into underlying tissue. |
| What is Histology? | It’s the study of how cells interact and organize into tissues and form organs. |
| What is cytology and how does it differ from histology? | looks at attributes of individual cells. e.g. changes to nucleus, cytoplasm, predominant cell type. Histology looks at whole tissues. |
| What is euchromatin? | Loosely packed, transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleus appears lighter/clear on staining. |
| What is heterochromatin? | Densely packed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin. Nucleus appears dark/basophilic on staining. |
| What are the three types of cytoskeletal elements? | Actin filaments (microfilaments) Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
| Key features & function of actin filaments? | Double-stranded G-actin helix Found in cytoplasm & microvilli Function: anchoring, cell movement, shape changes |
| Key features & function of intermediate filaments? | Rope-like protein fibers Provide strong structural support Found in cytoplasm, nucleus, cell junctions |
| Key features & function of microtubules? | Hollow, rigid protein tubes Found in cytoplasm & cilia Function: ciliary movement, organelle transport, chromosome movement |
| What are the 4 basic tissue types? | Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle Nervous tissue |
| What are the main types of connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue (areolar) Adipose tissue Dense connective tissue Cartilage Bone Blood |
Created by:
bythedeli