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Bio II Chp 26 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny | the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Systematics | a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships; used to reconstruct phylogenies |
| Binomial (Binomial Nomenclature) | the 2-part format of the scientific name |
| Genus | 1st part; the genus is where the species belongs |
| Specific epithet/species | 2nd part; unique for each species within the genus |
| DKPCOFGS | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Taxon | the named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy (ex: Panthera is a taxon at the genus level) |
| Phylogenetic tree | a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Branch point | a dichotomy/two-way branch point that represents the common ancestor of the 2 evolutionary lineages diverging from it |
| Evolutionary lineage | a sequence of ancestral organisms leading to a particular descendant taxon |
| Sister taxa | groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other groups --> they are each other's closest relatives --> useful way to describe the evolutionary relationships shown in a tree |
| Basal taxon | a lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group (ex: Fig 26.5 --> fish on branch that diverges near the common ancestor of the group) |
| Other key points of phylogenetic trees (3) | 1) Intended to show patterns of descent, NOT phenotypic similarity 2) We can't infer ages of taxa or branch points 3) We shouldn't assume that a taxon evoled from the taxon next to it on a phylogenetic tree |
| Homologies | similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared/common ancestry; usually, organisms that share very similar morphologies or similar DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with vastly different structures or sequences |
| Analogy | a similarity between 2 species that is due to convergent evolution, rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait |
| Cladistics | an approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups, called clades, based on common descent |
| Clades | an ancestral species and all its descendants; nested (ie Russian dolls example) |
| 3 types of clades | 1) Monophyletic group 2) Paraphyletic group 3) Polyphyletic group |
| Monophyletic group | consists of an ancestral species and ALL its descendants |
| Paraphyletic group | consists of an ancestral species and SOME of its descedent species, but not all of them |
| Polyphyletic group | the most recent common ancestor of its members is NOT part of the group |
| Shared ancestral character | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
| Shared derived character | an evolutionary novelty unique to a clade |
| Shared derived characters are unique to _______ | Clades |
| Outgroup | a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is closely related to (but not part of) the group of species that we are studying |
| Ingroup | the group of species that we are studying |
| Orthologous genes | homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation |
| Paralogous genes | homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication |
| Molecular clock | a method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at a constant rate |
| 3 domains | 1) Archaea 2) Bacteria 3) Eukarya |
| Horizontal gene transfer | the transfer of genes from 1 genome to another through transposable elements, plasmids, viral activity, and possibly fusion of different organisms |
| The 1st organisms to inhabit Earth lived... | 3.5 BYA |
| The 1st organisms had a... | Cell wall |
| Peptidoglycan | a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides |
| Gram Stain | differentiates cells based on the composition of their cell walls; Gram (+) = Purple/thick layer of peptidoglycan/simple cell walls Gram (-) = Pink/thin layer of peptidoglycan/more complex cell walls |
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