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Human Body in Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aden/o | gland |
| adip/o | fat |
| anter/o | before, front |
| caud/o | lower body, tail |
| cephal/o | head |
| cyt/o -cyte | cell |
| end- endo- | in, within, inside |
| exo- | out of, outside, away from |
| hist/o | tissue |
| -ologist | specialist |
| -ology | science or study of |
| path/o -pathy | disease, suffering, feeling, emotion |
| plas/i, plas/o, -plasia | development, growth, formation |
| poster/o | behind, toward the back |
| -stasis, -static | control, maintenance of a constant level |
| abdominal cavity | body cavity that contains major organs of digestion |
| adenectomy | The surgical removal of a gland. |
| adenocarcinoma | A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue. |
| adenoma | A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue. |
| adenomalacia | Abnormal softening of a gland. |
| adebisclerosis | Abnormal hardening of a gland. |
| anaplasia | A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. |
| anatomy | The study of the structures of the body. |
| anomaly | A deviation from what is regarded as normal. |
| anterior | Situated in front. |
| aplasia | The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue. |
| bloodborne transmission | The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood. |
| caudal | Toward the lower part of the body. |
| cephalic | Toward the head. |
| chromosome | A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell. |
| communicable disease | Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. |
| congenital disorder | An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. |
| cytoplasm | The material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus. |
| distal | Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| dorsal | Back of the body or organ. |
| dysplasia | Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs. |
| endemic | Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area. |
| endocrine glands | Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. |
| epigastric region | The region located above the stomach. |
| etiology | The study of the causes of diseases. |
| exocrine glands | Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body. |
| functional disorder | Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified. |
| genetic disorder | A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. |
| geriatrician | A physician who specializes in the care of older people. |
| hemophilia | A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. |
| histology | The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues. |
| homeostasis | The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. |
| hyperplasia | The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues. |
| hypertrophy | A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues. |
| hypogastric region | The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach. |
| hypoplasia | The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells. |
| iatrogenic illness | Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. |
| idiopathic disorder | An illness without known cause. |
| infectious disease | Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses. |
| inguinal | Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin. |
| medial | The direction toward or nearer the midline. |
| mesentery | The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall. |
| midsagittal plane | The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves. |
| nosocomial infection | A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. |
| pandemic | A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. |
| pelvic cavity | The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. |
| peritoneum | The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity. |
| peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum. |
| phenylketonuria | A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. |
| physiology | The study of the functions of the body structures. |
| posterior | Situated in back or on the back part of an organ. |
| proximal | Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. |
| retroperitoneal | Located behind the peritoneum. |
| stem cells | Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division. |
| thoracic cavity | The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity. |
| transverse plane | The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions. |
| umbilicus | The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth. |
| vector-borne transmission | The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease. |
| ventral | Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ. |
| cells | Basic structural and functional units of the body |
| cytology | the study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cells. |
| cytologist | A specialist in the study and analysis of cells. |
| cell membrane | the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment. |
| cytoplasm | the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus |
| nucleus | surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. Has two important functions: controls activities of the cell, and helps the cell divide. |
| stem cells | unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell dicision. |
| adult stem cells | somatic stem cells / are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue they are found in. |
| embryonic stem cells | undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell, important ability to form any adult cell. |
| gene | fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity |
| genetics | the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease. |
| genome | the complete set of genetic information of an organism. |
| chromosome | a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell |
| somatic cell | any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells) |
| gamete (sperm or egg) | also known as a sex cell, is the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Instead, each ovum (egg) or sperm has 23 single chromosomes. |
| genetic mutation | a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule |
| somatic cell mutation | a change within the cells of the body. These changes affect the individual but cannot be transmitted to the next generation. |
| gametic cell mutation | a change within the genes in a gamete (sex cell) that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children. |
| Genetic engineering | the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes. |
| genetic disorder | a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene |
| Cystic fibrosis | a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Down syndrome | a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease |
| Hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury. |
| Huntington's disease | Each child of a parent with the gene for Huntington’s disease has a 50–50 chance of inheriting this defective gene. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. |
| muscular dystrophy | group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement |
| Phenylketonuria | digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. |
| tissue | a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions |
| Histology | the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues |
| histologist | a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues |
| Epithelial tissue | forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands. |
| Epithelium | the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes |
| Endothelium | the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs. |
| Connective tissues | support and connect organs and other body tissues. |
| Dense connective tissues | bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body. |
| Adipose tissue | also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support |
| Loose connective tissue | surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels. |
| Liquid connective tissues | blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. |
| Muscle tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax. |
| Nerve tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses. |
| Aplasia | the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue |
| Hypoplasia | the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells |
| Anaplasia | a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other |
| Dysplasia | the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs |
| Hyperplasia | the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues |
| Hypertrophy | a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues |
| gland | a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions |
| Exocrine glands | secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands |
| Endocrine glands | produce hormones, do not have ducts. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body |
| Adenitis | the inflammation of a gland |
| adenocarcinoma | a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue |
| adenoma | a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue |
| Adenomalacia | the abnormal softening of a gland |
| Adenosis | any disease or condition of a gland |
| Adenosclerosis | is the abnormal hardening of a gland |
| adenectomy | the surgical removal of a gland |
| Pathology | the study of disease: its nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function. |
| pathologist | a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operations, or in postmortem examinations. |
| Etiology | the study of the causes of diseases |
| pathogen | disease-producing microorganism such as a virus |
| Transmission | the spread of a disease |
| Contamination | a pathogen is possibly present |
| communicable disease | also known as a contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects. |
| Indirect contact transmission | situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface |
| Bloodborne transmission | the spread of a disease through contact with infected blood or other body fluids that are contaminated by infected blood. |
| Droplet transmission | the spread of diseases such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object. |
| Airborne transmission | occurs through contact with germs floating in the air. |
| Food-borne and waterborne transmission | also known as fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present |
| Vector-borne transmission | the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. (Animal). |
| epidemiologist | a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group |
| Endemic | refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area |
| epidemic | a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area |
| Pandemic | refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide |
| functional disorder | produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified |
| iatrogenic illness | an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment |
| idiopathic disorder | an illness without known cause |
| infectious disease | an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses |
| nosocomial infection | a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting |
| organic disorder | produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. |
| developmental disorder | also known as a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe |
| atresia | the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular. |
| Prenatal influences | the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery. |
| geriatrics | The study of the medical problems and care of older people |
| A&P | Anatomy and physiology |
| CD | Communicable disease |
| CH, Chr | chromosome |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| epid | epidemic |
| GP | general practitioner |
| HD | huntington's disease |
| LLQ | left lower quadrant |
| LUQ | left upper quadrant |
| PA | physician assistant |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
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