Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
foundations
exam 1: med administration part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nursing administration need to have knowledge of drugs: | drug names, preparations, classifications, adverse effects, and physiologic factors that affect drug action |
| process of med administration: assessment | comprehensive medical Hx patient allergies patient assessment ongoing assessments of pt response to medications |
| process of med administration: diagnosis | developed and problem identification stems from the assessment data |
| process of med administration: patient centered outcomes | evaluation after implementation of the plan of care tailored to the patient's needs |
| drug nomenclature | generic name vs trade name |
| drug preparations | enteral (oral) topical (suppository, drops) parenteral (injection, infusion, implantation) |
| drug classifications | pharmaceutical (whats going on in the body) therapeutical (what it is used for) |
| pharmacokinetics | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| absorption | drug coming in |
| distribution | moving through the body into cells |
| metabolism | liver first pass |
| excretion | remaining amount leaving the body urine, sweat, feces |
| drug indications | pharmacotherapeutics pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics |
| adverse drug reactions | side effect allergic effect drug tolerance toxic effect idiosyncratic effect drug interactions |
| side effect | ex headache, constipation after pain meds |
| allergic effect | rash, inflammation |
| drug tolerance | built up overtime |
| toxic effect | poor metabolism, older adults, renal, or hepatic |
| idiosyncratic effect | unusual reaction |
| drug interactions | can be too much/not enough, may be from dietary or herbal supplements |
| factors affecting drug action | developmental concerns body weight biological sex cultural and genetic factors psychological factors pathology environment timing |
| factors affecting drug action developmental concerns | pregnancy, breastfeeding, older adults |
| factors affecting drug action body weight | increased weight = need more drug usually. kids are based on BSA |
| factors affecting drug action biological sex | males get drug testing more |
| factors affecting drug action cultural and genetic factors | genetic makeup can alter drug effect |
| factors affecting drug action psychological factors | placebo- they thing they're getting drugs |
| factors affecting drug action pathology | liver/ kidney function will effect |
| factors affecting drug action environment | meds for a headache in a noisy place will be different than in a quiet |
| factors affecting drug action timing | some need to be eaten with food or at certain times of the day |
| drug blood level monitoring | therapeutic range half-life |
| therapeutic range | amount of time it takes for 50% of the concentration of drug to be eliminated. you want to maintain 50% |
| half-life | the time it takes to be at 50% blood concentration |
| pertinent U.S. drug legislation | enforces medication regulations |
| drugs chemical name | identifies drugs atomic and molecular structure |
| drug generic name | assigned by the manufacturer that first developed the drug; derived from the chemical name |
| drug official name (monograph) | name by which the drug is identified in official publications (typically the generic name) |
| trade name | brand name copyrighted by the company that sells the drug |
| oral | capsule, pill, tablet, extended release, elixir, suspension, syrup |
| topical | liniment, lotion, ointment, suppository, transdermal patch |
| parenteral | injectable, infusion, implantation |
| which route types don't go through the liver first? | topical and parenteral do NOT go through the liver |
| drug classifications are | classified by effect on body system; chemical composition; clinical indication or therapeutic action |
| two primary classifications | pharmaceutical and therapeutical |
| pharmaceutical class | refers to the MOA, physiologic effect, and chemical structure of the drug |
| therapeutic class | refers to the clinical indication for the drug or therapeutic action what it does and what it is used for |
| factors effecting absorption of drug | route of administration lipid solubility pH blood flow local conditions at the site of administration drug dosage |
| distribution | occurs after a drug has been injected or absorbed into the bloodstream. molecules are transportered throughout the body to where they take action. |
| distribution depends on | blood flow protein binding selectively permeable blood brain barrier pregnancy-be careful |
| metabolism | the change of an active drug from it's original form to an inactivated or new form |
| metabolism occurs where | in the liver GI tract, lungs, and kidneys also play a role |
| metabolism is effected by | aging, liver disease, impaired functioning of the liver that decreases its ability to metabolize drugs |
| first pass metabolism | the reduction of bioavailability of a drug drugs given orally move from GI to the liver, some are extra metabolized in liver and don't make it to the systemic circulation |
| first pass metabolism example | nitroglycerin can't be given orally because most of the drug would be destroyed by the liver |
| metabolism may cause | drugs metabolized to inactive form, reducing it OR drugs metabolized to an active metabolite, possibly making it more active than before |
| excretion | the process of removing a drug, or its metabolites, from the body |
| excretion - kidneys | kidneys excrete most drugs through urine |
| excretion - lungs | the lungs are the primary route for excretion of gaseous substances, such as inhalation anesthetics |
| excretion - bile | either directly through feces or returned to the liver and then eventually excreted by kidneys |
| pharmacodynamics | the process by which drugs alter cell physiology and affect the body. drugs turn on, turn off, promote, or block responses that are a part of the body's processes. |
| Allergic effect | an immune system response that occurs when the body interprets the administered drug as a foreign substance and forms antibodies against the drug |
| how does a drug allergy manifest? | differently depending on the drug, allergy, and the patient. range from mild to severe. may occur immediately or delayed hours to days. symptoms may become more severe each time the drug is given |
| signs and symptoms of allergic reaction to drug | rash, urticaria, fever, diarrhea., nausea, vomiting |
| anaphylactic reaction | the most serious allergic reaction life threatening and results in respiratory distress, sudden severe bronchospasm, and cardiovascular collapse |
| how is anaphylaxis treated? | vasopressors, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, IV fluids and antihistamines |
| drug tolerance | occurs when the body becomes accustomed to the effect of a particular drug overtime. larger doses must be taken to produce the desired effect |
| toxic effect | specific groups of symptoms related to drug therapy that carry risk for permanent damage or death ex: nephrotoxicity = damage to the kidney |
| toxicities may occur from a | cumulative effect. a mismatch between absorption and excretion means that each new dose increased the total quantities in the body |
| who is most at risk for cumulative effect? | older adults. altered drug metabolism and elimination due to impaired hepatic metabolism and renal clearance related to normal changes in these systems associated with aging |
| idiosyncratic effect | aka paradoxical effect any unusual response to a drug that may manifest itself or by over response, under response, or even the opposite of the expected response. related to a pts unique response to drug |
| drug interactions | occur when one drug is affected in some way by another drug, food, or another substance that is taken the same way. |
| additive effect | drugs with similar pharmacological actions; results in an increase in the overall effect |
| synergistic effect | drugs with different site or MOA; results in greater effects effects when taken together (one drug potentiates the other) |
| antagonistic effect | combined drugs alter the overall sun effect or negate each other. leads to the buildup of a medication and can result in toxicity |
| interference | one drug interferes with the metabolism of another |
| other drug interactions | dietary supplements, herbs, and other natural remedies are at potential risk for drug interactions |
| factors that affect drug action | developmental considerations weight biological sex cultural and genetic factors psych factors pathology environment timing of admin |
| therapeutic range | concentration of drug in the blood serum that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity |
| peak level | highest plasma concentration |
| trough level | the point when the drug is at its lower concentration, indicating the rate of elimination |
| half life | amount of time it takes for 50% of blood concentrations of a drug to be eliminated from the body. takes 4-5 half lives to achieve a steady concentration and develop a balance. maximal therapeutic effects. |
Created by:
ago24