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Test 2 information
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 4 types of tissues | Epithelial, nervous, muscle, and connective tissues |
| Types of Cellular Junctions | Tight Junctions Gap Junctions Anchoring Junctions |
| Tight Junctions | Adjacent Plasma Membranes, strands of transmembrane proteins, intracellular space. Looks like beads of transmembrane proteins holding cell junctions together. |
| Gap Junctions | Adjacent Plasma Membranes, gap between cells, with connexons (composed of connexins) holding the gaps constant. Looks like channel proteins sideways holding a gap between cells. |
| Anchoring Junction Types | Desmosomes Adherens Hemidesmosomes |
| Intercalated Discs | Gap junctions, mitochondria lined on edges, nucleus, and desmosomes. |
| Epithelial Tissue types, membranes | Cutaneous Membrane Mucus Membrane Serous Membrane |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin, covers body |
| Mucus Membrane | Lining of mouth, stomach, digestive system, and respiratory tract |
| Serous Membrane | Always internal with pairs of layers! Peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. Have to physically open body to touch Serous Membrane. |
| Serous Membrane layers | Visceral layer-Inner that touches Parietal layer-outside layer gap where fluid would be in between the two. Think of a balloon with a fist pushed into it. |
| viscera | internal organs of anterior body cavity. |
| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues | Non-vascular Little Matrix Replaced Constantly-this makes it the place where most cancers start anchored by basement membrane |
| Glandular Epithelium | Gland-cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or in blood. |
| Endocrine Glands | Not Epithelium!! Secrete into tissue fluid (normally blood) |
| Exocrine Glands | Modified Epithelium. Secrete onto surface |
| Structural classifications of glandular epithelium | Simple or Compound and tubular or alveolar |
| Simple glands | one duct. |
| Compound glands | Multiple ducts going into one. |
| simple tubular | looks like a test tube, found in intestinal glands. |
| simple coiled tubular | Looks like a monkey or chameleon's tail, found in Merocrine sweat glands. |
| Simple branched | Looks like a three-way branch. No branches off of branches. Doesn't have what looks like street turnarounds at ends. Found in Gastric and mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, and duodenum. |
| Simple Alveolar | Not found in adults, part of development of branched glands. Looks like a street end with a turnaround. |
| Desmosomes Where found and what it's made up of | Found in heart a lot, made of plaque, transmembrane protein, intermediate filament (keratin) intracellular space. Looks like wiggly legged plaqued cell junctions. |
| Adherens | Made of plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin) actin filament, adjacent plasma membranes, and intercellular space. Looks like plaque with straight barbed wires running alongside cell membrane. |
| Hemidesmosomes | Made of integrins, basal lamina. Bonds on bottoms of cells instead of sides, look like a hotdog with tiny legs, and long wavy worms on top. |
| Simple branched Alveolar | Three-way junction with street end turnarounds on each end. Found in sebaceous (oil) glands. |
| Compound Alveolar | Found in mammary glands, looks like three-way split with three-way splits with turnarounds on each end. |
| Alveolar | Looks like a street end with a turnaround. |
| Tubular | Looks like the end of a hotdog. |
| Compound tubular | Found in mucous glands, bulbourethral glands, and testes. Looks look three-way split with three-way splits with tubular ends. |
| Compound Tubuloalveolar | Found in salivary glands, respiratory, and pancreas. Looks like three-way split with two splits having three tubular ends each, and the bottom having an alveolar three-way split, at the bottom. |
| Merocrine Secretion | Exocytosis, like normal vesicular secretions. Parts to know: Secretion, secretory vesicle, golgi vesicle, and nucleus. Can be found as simple sweat glands. |
| Apocrine Secretion | (Apo)rtion of cell secreted. The cell pinches off the top, which becomes the secretion. |
| Holocrine Secretion | (Hol) cell secreted. The entire cell matures, dies, and becomes the secretory product. Typically stratified, the apical layer dies and is secreted, leaving the new next layer. Example, sebaceous oil glands. |
| Ectoderm | Can become skin, neuron, etc. |
| Endoderm | Can become lung, pancreas, respiratory and digestive tracts, etc. |
| Mesoderm | Can become red blood cell, any muscle type, serous membranes lining cavities, etc. |
| Muscle Tissues need | stimulus or nerve signal to contract, can't on their own. |
| Major Muscle Types | Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. |
| Characteristics of Nervous Tissue | Conducting action potentials, AKA impulses. "Support" Neuroglia. |
| How nervous system works | Sensory input, integration, to motor output. See water, want it, grab it and drink it. |
| Neurotransmitters do what? | Bridge gaps between end caps to keep action going to next neuron, cost energy to make. |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord, integrative and control centers |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves. Communication lines between CNS and rest of the body. Can receive afferent signals from sensory division. Or it can send them efferent to the Motor Division. |
| Sensory Division (afferent) (on its own) | Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers. Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS. |
| Motor Division (efferent, from PNS) What kind of fibers? Sends signals from CNS to the? | Motor Nerve fibers. Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors, muscles, and glands. Can go to the Somatic or autonomic nervous system. |
| Somatic nervous system (efferent, from Motor Division, ends here) | Somatic motor (voluntary) Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (efferent, from Motor Division, continues) ANS | Visceral motor (involuntary) Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands. Goes to the sympathetic division, or the parasympathetic division. |
| Sympathetic Division (efferent, from Autonomic Nervous System, ends here) | Mobilizes body system during activity. |
| Parasympathetic Division (efferent, from autonomic nervous system, ends here) | Conserves energy, promotes house-keeping functions during rest. |
| Neuroglial cells-Astrocytes What do they do, where are they found? | Clean up the CNS by producing, and re-up taking neurotransmitters. Homeostasis of K+ ions. |
| SSRI What it stands for and what it inhibits | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. Stops astrocytes from taking up Serotonin early. |
| Microglia | Defensive cells in Central Nervous System. Clean up cellular debris (from apoptosis, old age cell death, injury, etc.) |
| Ependyma | Produces and circulates CSF (Cerebral Spinal Fluid.) Blood circulates in coriplexis in brain to make the fluid. Parts to know: Cilia, ependymal cells (epithelial), brain or spinal cord tissue underneath. |
| Oligodendrocytes What do they do, what three parts to know, and where are they found? | Have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers. White matter is wrapped in them, grey is not. Parts to know: nerve fibers, process of oligodendrocyte, myelin sheath |
| Which is faster, white matter, or grey? | White matter is, it's myelinated, grey isn't. |
| Satellite Cells Where are they found, what do they do? | Similar function to astrocytes. Satellite cells are found surrounding the soma of the neuron in PNS. |
| Schwann cells Where are they, what are they, what are three parts to know? | Surround neurons of PNS in myelin. Close to satellite cells. Parts to know: Myelin sheath, neurolemma, Schwann cell cytoplasm. Schwann cells are like tightly wrapped dog bones, or toothpaste tubes. Squeezing out the Cytoplasm as it curls around the nerve. |
| What are Schwann cells otherwise known as? | Neurolemmocytes |
| Node of Ranvier | The spots in between myelinated sections where the potassium and sodium voltage gated channels are. !!Area of polarity reversal!! |
| Are humans born myelinated? | Myelin grows as we do, animals like horses and cattle are born with it, not humans. |
| What is myelination? | Layer upon layer of cell sheathing, lipo-protein covering. Speeds conduction. |
| What are neurons? | Cells that can generate and carry action potentials. |
| Parts of neurons, and which is the trigger zone? | Soma (cell body), axon, hillock, cell membrane, dendrites (small branches at tips), synapse, and oligodendrocyte myelinated. The hillock is the trigger zone. |
| Where is the highest density of voltage gated sodium channels? | The hillock |
| Multipolar What it is and where it's found | One axon, tons of cell processes, most common. Found in CNS. |
| Receptive region | Primarily the dendrocytes and the soma |
| Secretory region | The axon terminus. End of axon moving away from cell body. |
| Conductive Region | Axon Hillock and Axon |
| Bipolar Found where? Does what? | Two processes, one is a fused dendrite, one is an axon. Found in eye and ear. Many do not generate action potentials. In those that do, the location of the trigger zone is not universal. |
| Unipolar What is it and where is it found? | One process forms central and peripheral processes, which combine to comprise an axon. Found in PNS, look like a bipolar with the soma attached by a short process in the center, not attached like a differential to tubes in a straight axle like in bipolar |
| Polarity | Refers to the separation of electrical charge within a molecule, resulting in a positive and negative charge distribution. |
| Membrane Potentials | Potential Energy |
| Resting potential | -70 mV between inside and outside of cell, caused by more K+ leaving the cell rather than Na+ entering the cell via leakage channels. |
| Is the inside cell negative or positive? (at resting potential) | Inside is negative, outside is positive |
| Membranes of neurons are | Polarized |
| Inside of cell membrane at resting potential | K+ 140 mM, Na+ 15 mM |
| Outside of cell membrane at resting potential | K+ 5 mM, Na+ 140 mM |
| what channels are always open, which ones are more prolific? | Leakage or non-gated channels. K+ (potassium) channels are more prolific than Na+ channels, creating the -70 mV difference inside the cell due to more positive ions leaving than coming in. |
| What would happen if equillibrium was reached between K+ and Na+? | We would die. |
| Gradient Maintenance | Sodium-Potassium pumps keep sending Na+ out and K+ in to keep the leakage channels maintaining -70 mV. The pumps have nothing to do with creating it, only maintaining that through leaking it can. |
| Depolarizing Stimulus | Moves towards 0, more positive |
| Hyperpolarizing Stimulus | Moves more negative. |
| Voltage-gated Sodium Channels | Have to reach -55 mV in order to open, otherwise the stimulus isn't enough to notice it. |
| Three states of sodium voltage-gated channels | Closed, open, and inactivated. |
| Closed sodium voltage-gated channel | Impermeable to Na+ but can be activated in RMP depolarizes to -55 mV. |
| Open sodium voltage-gated channel | Permeable to Na+, approaching action potential raises raises resting membrane potential from -70 to -55 mV, causing a rapid upstroke called depolarization |
| Inactivation/refractory period voltage-gated sodium channel | Impermeable to Na+, cannot be activated until resting membrane potential is restored. inactivation gate closes at +30 mV to keep action potential from reversing. |
| Threshold potential | -55 mV |
| How does action potential go? | resting state at -70 mV, stimulus to Na+ voltage-gated channels open at -55 mV, causing depolarization, positive feedback loop til +30, at which inactivation gates close, K+ voltage-gated channels open, and repolarization happens past to Hyperpolarization |
| How does action potential go after hyperpolarization? | Potassium voltage-gated channels are slow to open and slow to close, leading to the leakage past -70 mV. The leakage channels brings the balance back to -70 mV. |
| Refractory Periods (two of them) | Absolutely refractory period, and relative refractory period. |
| Absolute refractory Period | Time when no action potential can happen |
| Relative Refractory Period | Time when an action potential could happen but would take a much stronger stimulus. |
| Continuous Conduction Impulse Conduction (AKA impulse propagation) | Only go in one direction because ones behind are in refractory period. In non-myelinated axons, conduction is slow. (continuous conduction.) A stimulus in an axon where a series of voltage gated channels open and refract in one direction. |
| Saltatory means | jumping, myelinated neurons. |
| In saltatory conduction | Conduction is fast, myelinated axons, voltage gated channels are condensed into node of Ranvier's, with stretches of myelin in between where positive ions bump into each other to quicken the impulse. |
| synapses proximity to each other? | come close together, but do not touch. |
| Axosomatic synapse | axon to body |
| axoaxonal synapse | axon to axon |
| axodendritic synapse | axon to dendrite |
| Transmission at synapses, what responds to neurotransmitters? | chemically-gated channels |
| How does transmission at synapses happen? 1. | Action potential arrives at axon terminal |
| How does transmission at synapses happen? 2. | Ca2+ voltage-gated channels open and Ca2+ rushes into axon terminal. |
| How does transmission at synapses happen? 3. | Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters via exocytosis. |
| How does transmission at synapses happen? 4. | Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors in the post synaptic membrane |
| How does transmission at synapses happen? 5. | Binding of neurotransmitters opens ion channels, resulting in graded potentials. |
| Chemically(ligand)-gated ion channels open when the? | Appropriate neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, allowing simultaneous movement of K+ and Na+ |
| Pre vs Post synapses | Pre is the neuron before, which crosses over by neurotransmitters to the post synapse. |
| Chemical synapse operation | Action potential opens the chemically-gated channels, Ca++ enters, making neurotransmitters exocytosically diffuse across the synaptic cleft to bind on the post axon terminal. |
| Found in the axon terminal | Na+ into cell, K+ out of cell, and Ca++ into cell. |
| What does Acetylcholine do? | Goes to post synaptic membrane to open chemically-gated channels for sodium to continue action potential. |
| EPSP Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential | A potential that opens the Na+ Ligand/Chemically gated channels for an up streak towards being positive. |
| IPSP Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential | A potential that opens the Ligand-gated receptors for Cl- or K+ channels for a down streak towards being negative. |
| No summation | Two stimuli come in too far apart. |
| Temporal Summation | Two Excitatory stimuli right after one another |
| Spatial Summation | Two simultaneous stimuli reaching at the same time from different axons. |
| Spatial Summation of EPSP's and IPSP's | Two simultaneous stimuli reaching at the same time from different axons, one negative, one positive. Membrane Potential cancels out! |
| Nicotinic ACh receptors | Acetylcholine ACh, excitatory |
| Muscarinic ACh receptors | Acetylcholine ACh, excitatory |
| Norepinephrine (BGA) | Biogenic Amines, both |
| Dopamine (BGA) | Biogenic Amines, both |
| Serotonin (BGA) | Biogenic Amines, mainly inhibitory |
| Histamine (BGA) | Biogenic Amines, both |
| GABA (AA) | Amino Acids, generally inhibitory |
| Glutamate (AA) | Amino Acids, generally excitatory |
| Glycine (AA) | Amino Acids, generally inhibitory |
| Endorphins (PPT's) | Peptides, generally inhibitory |
| Tachykinins (PPT's) | Peptides, excitatory |
| Somatostatin (PPT's) | Peptides, generally inhibitory |
| Cholecystokinin (PPT) | Peptides, generally excitatory |
| ATP (P) | Purines, both |
| Adenosine (P) | Purines, generally inhibitory |
| Nitric Oxide (G&L's) | Gases and Lipids, both |
| Carbon Monoxide (G&L's) | Gases and Lipids, both |
| Endocannabinoids (G&L's) | Gases and Lipids, inhibitory |
| Lipo-Protein covering | Myelination |
Created by:
JoshuaB5