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AP PSYCH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Norms: | Unwritten rules that guide acceptable behavior in different settings Define expected rules in society (teachers, friends) Learned through observation; vary across cultures |
| Social influence theory: | Explains how others influence our behavior or thinking |
| Normative influence: | Fitting in, avoiding rejection |
| Informational influence: | Looking to others when unsure |
| Conformity (Asch’s Line Study) | Adjusting behavior to alight with group norms- it is stronger when -group is unanimous -group is large -task is ambiguous |
| Obedience (Milgram’s experiment) | Complying with direct orders from authorities- increases with -proximity and legitimacy of authority -gradual escalation of tasks (Foot-in-the-door) -diffused responsibility in a group |
| Persuasion: tools that shifts opinions | People try to persuade using logic, emotion, or subtle tricks. |
| Central Route: | Focus on arguments, evidence, logic leads to longer-lasting attitude change |
| Peripheral Route: | Based on appearance, cues, emotions EX: Halo Effects assuming someone is good at everything due to one positive trait |
| Persuasion techniques: | Foot-in-the-door: Start small, them ask for more Door-in-the-face: Start big (likely to be declined), the ask for something smaller |
| Group Dynamics: What happens in groups | Being in a group tends to shift how we behave or think-and not always for the better |
| Group polarization: | Discussion with like-minded people strengthens beliefs, the tendency for our thoughts and attitudes to strengthen when we are around people with the same opinions. |
| Groupthink: | Desire for harmony overrides logical thinking or dissent |
| Superordinate goals: | Shared goals that encourage cooperation (Help reduce conflict) |
| Diffusion of responsibility: | Less personal accountability in groups |
| Social loafing: | Doming less in group tasks when individual effort isn’t monitored |
| Deindividuation: | Loosing self-awareness and restraint in crowd/group settings where people remain anonymous |
| Social Facilitation: | Presence of others boost performance on easy/well practiced tasks |
| False Consensus Effect: | Tendency to overestimate how many people share out beliefs of behaviors |
| Cultural influence on behavior: | Culture influences how we define “normal”, how we relate to others, and how we can make decisions |
| Individualism: | Personal goals> group goals Independence, self expression valued |
| Collectivism: | Group goals> personal goals Harmony, group conformity important |
| Multiculturalism: | Multiple cultures coexisting; encourages diversity and inclusion Shapes communication styles and social perception |
| Prosocial behavior: why we help (or why we dont) | Helping behavior depends on psychology, norms, and specific situations |
| Altruism: | Helping others selflessly—or at least appearing to |
| Social norms: | That drive helping |
| Reciprocity norm: | Help those who help us |
| Social responsibility norm: | Help those who can’t help themselves |
| Bystander effect (Darley & Latane) | More people equals decreased likelihood of helping Driven by: diffusion of responsibility |
| Pluralistic ignorance: | (Assuming others don’t think it’s an emergency) |
| Evaluation apprehension: | (Afraid of doing the wrong thing in public) |
| I/O Psychology: Behavior in the workplace | Even in a professional setting, social psychology comes into play |
| Focus Areas of Industrial- Organizational Psychology | How to improve productivity and satisfaction in work environments Job satisfaction Burnout Organizational culture (Values and practices that influence employee behavior) |
| Chameleon Effect: | Acting like the people you are around |
| Normative social influence: | Looking to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| Informational social influence: | Willingness to accept new ideas |
| Social Facilitation: | When people watch us, we improve at tasks we are good at and do worse at tasks we aren’t |
| Social loafing: | Some people don’t try as hard in a group setting |
| The Asch Effect refers to | How an individual agrees with the majority, even if the majority is right |
| Groupthink: | People go along with ideas and ignore alternatives because they don’t want to upset the majority |
| Tight culture: | Clearly defined and reliably imposed norms |
| Loose culture: | A place with flexible and informal norms |
Created by:
fmustafa78