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Noah
Noah 3.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is; caused by the amount of heat energy present. |
| Humidity | The amount of water vapor in the air. |
| Circulation | The large-scale movement of air or water that distributes heat around Earth. |
| Global winds | Major wind systems that blow in steady patterns across the planet. |
| Jet stream | A fast-moving ribbon of air high in the atmosphere that influences weather patterns. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| Ocean | A vast body of saltwater covering most of Earth’s surface. |
| Air mass | A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout. |
| Cold front | A boundary where a cold air mass pushes under and replaces a warm air mass. |
| Warm front | A boundary where a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass. |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls from clouds (rain, snow, sleet, hail). |
| Temperature gradient | The difference in temperature between two areas. |
| Hurricane | A large, powerful tropical storm that forms over warm ocean water with strong winds and heavy rain. |
| Thunderstorm | A storm with lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes hail or strong winds. |
| Convection | Heat transfer by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases), such as warm air rising. |
| Conduction | Heat transfer through direct contact between substances. |
| Radiation | Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves, such as energy from the Sun. |
| Pacific Ocean | The largest ocean on Earth. |
| Trade winds (easterlies) | Global winds that blow from east to west near the equator. |
| Westerlies | Global winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes. |
| Global impacts | Effects that influence the entire world. |
| El Niño | A climate pattern in which surface waters of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become warmer than usual. |
| La Niña | A climate pattern in which surface waters of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean become cooler than usual. |
| Warm ocean current | A stream of warm ocean water moving through colder areas. |
| Gulf Stream | A warm ocean current in the Atlantic Ocean that affects climate in North America and Europe. |
| Coastal regions | Areas of land near oceans or seas. |
| Oceanic conveyor belt | The global system of deep and surface ocean currents that move water around the world. |
| Coriolis effect | The apparent bending of moving objects (like wind) due to Earth’s rotation. |
| Heat | Energy that flows from warmer objects to cooler ones. |
| Wind belts | Major global wind systems that circle Earth. |
| Equator | The imaginary line around Earth’s middle at 0° latitude. |
| Poles | The northernmost and southernmost points on Earth. |
| Ocean gyres | Large circular systems of ocean currents. |
| Thermohaline circulation | Deep ocean circulation driven by differences in temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). |
| Surface temperatures | Temperatures at Earth’s surface (land or ocean). |
| Deep currents | Ocean currents that flow deep below the surface. |
| Regional climate | The typical weather patterns of a specific area over a long time. |
| Climate zones | Large areas with similar temperature and precipitation patterns: |
| Maritime Tropical (mT) | Warm, humid air from oceans. |
| Maritime Polar (mP) | Cool, moist air from oceans. |
| Continental Tropical (cT) | Hot, dry air from land. |
| Continental Polar (cP) | Cold, dry air from land. |
| Continental Arctic (cA) | Very cold, dry air from Arctic regions. |
| Seasons | Divisions of the year (spring, summer, fall, winter) caused by Earth’s tilt and orbit around the Sun. |
| Sea breeze | A daytime wind that blows from the ocean toward land. |
| Coastal fog | Fog that forms near coasts when warm, moist air cools over cold water. |
| Hurricanes | Powerful tropical cyclones with strong winds and heavy rain (same as hurricane definition above). |
| Local climate | The typical weather conditions in a small, specific area. |
| Moisture content | The amount of water vapor present in the air. |
| Land-sea breezes | Daily wind patterns caused by temperature differences between land and water. |
| Hadley Cells | Large circulation cells in the tropics where warm air rises at the equator and sinks around 30° latitude. Upwelling – The movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from |
| Upwelling | The movement of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean to the surface. |
| Downwelling | The sinking of surface water into deeper ocean layers. |
| Earth’s rotation | The spinning of Earth on its axis. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth (listed earlier). |
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