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Ali Porter EES 3.5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is, usually measured in degrees. |
| circulation | The large-scale movement of air or water that distributes heat around Earth. |
| humidity | The amount of water vapor in the air. |
| global winds | Large air movement patterns that blow steadily across the planet. |
| jet stream | A fast-moving, narrow band of strong winds high in the atmosphere. |
| atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| ocean | A vast body of salt water covering about 70% of Earth’s surface. |
| air mass | A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout. |
| cold front | A boundary where a cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass. |
| warm front | A boundary where a warm air mass moves over a cold air mass. |
| precipitation | Any form of water falling from clouds (rain, snow, sleet, hail). |
| temperature gradient | The rate at which temperature changes over a distance. |
| hurricane | A powerful tropical storm with strong winds and heavy rain that forms over warm ocean water. |
| thunderstorm | A storm with lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes hail or strong winds. |
| convection | Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). |
| conduction | Heat transfer through direct contact. |
| radiation | Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves (such as sunlight) |
| pacific ocean | The largest ocean on Earth, located between Asia/Australia and the Americas. |
| trade winds/easterlies | Steady winds that blow from east to west near the equator. |
| westerlies | Winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes. |
| global impacts | Effects that influence the entire planet. |
| El nino | A climate pattern where the central and eastern Pacific Ocean becomes warmer than normal, affecting global weather. |
| la nina | A climate pattern where the central and eastern Pacific Ocean becomes cooler than normal. |
| warm ocean currents | A stream of warm water moving through the ocean. |
| gulf stream | A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern United States and toward Europe. |
| costal region | Areas of land near an ocean or sea. |
| oceanic conveyor belt | A global system of deep and surface ocean currents that move water around the planet. |
| Coriolis effect | The apparent bending of moving objects (like wind and currents) caused by Earth’s rotation. |
| heat | Energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference. |
| wind belts | Large global wind systems such as trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies. |
| equator | The imaginary line around Earth halfway between the North and South Poles. |
| poles | The northernmost and southernmost points on Earth. |
| ocean gyres | Large circular ocean current systems caused by global winds and the Coriolis effect. |
| thermohaline circulation | Deep ocean circulation driven by differences in temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline). |
| surface temperature | Temperatures at Earth’s surface (land or ocean). |
| deep currents | Ocean currents that flow deep below the surface. |
| regional climate | The typical weather patterns of a specific area over a long period. |
| temperature gradient | The rate at which temperature changes over a certain distance. |
| seasons | Periods of the year (spring, summer, fall, winter) caused by Earth’s tilt and orbit around the Sun. |
| sea breeze | A daytime wind that blows from the ocean toward land. |
| costal fog | Fog that forms near coastlines when moist air cools. |
| hurricanes | Large rotating tropical storms that form over warm ocean water. |
| local climate | The long-term weather conditions of a small area. |
| moisture content | The amount of water vapor in the air. |
| land-sea breeze | Local wind patterns caused by temperature differences between land and water (sea breeze during day, land breeze at night). |
| Hadley cells | Large atmospheric circulation cells near the equator where warm air rises and cool air sinks. |
| upwelling | The rising of cold, nutrient-rich water from deep ocean to the surface. |
| downwelling | The sinking of surface water to deeper parts of the ocean. |
| Earth's rotation | The spinning of Earth on its axis. |
| atmosphere | The layer of gases that surrounds Earth and makes life possible. |
| Maritime Tropical (mT) | Warm, humid air mass formed over warm oceans. |
| Maritime Polar (mP) | Cool, moist air mass formed over cold oceans. |
| Continental Tropical (cT) | Hot, dry air mass formed over land in warm regions. |
| Continental Polar (cP) | Cold, dry air mass formed over land in high latitudes. |
| Continental Arctic (cA) | Very cold, dry air mass formed over Arctic regions. |
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