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Grace Weiss EES 3.5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is, based on the average kinetic energy of its particles. |
| Humidity | The amount of water vapor present in the air. |
| Circulation | The large-scale movement of air or water that distributes heat around Earth. |
| Global winds | Steady wind patterns that blow across the planet due to unequal heating and Earth’s rotation. |
| Jet stream | A fast-moving, narrow air current high in the atmosphere that influences weather patterns. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth that supports life and controls weather and climate. |
| Ocean | A vast body of salt water covering most of Earth’s surface and regulating global climate. |
| Air mass | A large body of air with similar temperature and humidity throughout. |
| Cold front | A boundary where a cold air mass moves in and pushes under a warm air mass. |
| Warm front | A boundary where a warm air mass slides up and over a colder air mass. |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls from clouds to Earth, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
| Temperature gradient | The rate at which temperature changes over a certain distance. |
| Hurricane | A powerful tropical storm with strong winds and heavy rain that forms over warm ocean waters. |
| Thunderstorm | A storm with lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes hail or strong winds. |
| Convection | The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids like air or water. |
| Conduction | The transfer of heat through direct contact between substances. |
| Radiation | The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves without needing matter. |
| Pacific Ocean | The largest and deepest ocean on Earth, covering more area than all land combined. |
| Trade winds (easterlies) | Steady winds that blow from east to west near the equator. |
| Westerlies | Prevailing winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes. |
| Global impacts | The widespread effects that climate patterns or events have around the world. |
| El Niño | A climate pattern marked by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific that affects global weather. |
| La Niña | A climate pattern characterized by cooler-than-average Pacific Ocean temperatures that influence global weather. |
| Warm ocean current | A stream of warm water moving through the ocean that can raise temperatures in nearby regions. |
| Gulf Stream | A powerful warm Atlantic Ocean current that influences the climate of eastern North America and western Europe. |
| Coastal regions | Areas of land located near the ocean shoreline. |
| Oceanic conveyor belt | The global system of deep-ocean currents driven by differences in temperature and salinity. |
| Coriolis effect | The apparent deflection of moving objects caused by Earth’s rotation. |
| Heat | Energy transferred from a warmer object to a cooler one. |
| Wind belts | Large zones of Earth where prevailing winds blow in consistent directions. |
| Equator | An imaginary line around Earth’s middle that receives the most direct sunlight. |
| Poles | The northernmost and southernmost points on Earth where sunlight is least direct. |
| Ocean gyres | Large circular current systems in the oceans caused by global winds and the Coriolis effect. |
| Thermohaline circulation | The movement of deep ocean currents driven by differences in temperature and salinity. |
| Surface temperatures | The temperature at Earth’s surface, whether land or ocean. |
| Deep currents | Slow-moving ocean currents found deep below the surface. |
| Regional climate | The typical weather conditions of a specific area over a long period of time. |
| Temperature gradient | The difference in temperature between two places over a distance. |
| Climate zones (Maritime Tropical, Maritime Polar, Continental Tropical, Continental Polar, Continental Arctic) | Classifications of air masses based on their source region and characteristics of temperature and moisture. |
| Seasons | Periods of the year marked by changes in temperature and daylight caused by Earth’s tilt and orbit. |
| Sea breeze | A wind that blows from the ocean toward land during the day as land heats faster than water. |
| Coastal fog | Fog that forms near coastlines when moist air cools over colder ocean water. |
| Hurricanes | Large rotating tropical storms with strong winds that form over warm oceans. |
| Local climate | The long-term weather patterns in a small, specific area. |
| Moisture content | The amount of water vapor present in the air. |
| Land-sea breezes | Wind patterns caused by temperature differences between land and water surfaces. |
| Hadley Cells | Large atmospheric convection cells near the equator that drive trade winds. |
| Upwelling | The process where deep, cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the ocean surface. |
| Downwelling | The process where surface water sinks into deeper parts of the ocean. |
| Earth’s rotation | The spinning of Earth on its axis, causing day and night and influencing wind patterns. |
| Atmosphere | The protective layer of gases surrounding Earth that regulates temperature and supports life. |
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