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A&P L5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clonal selection and memory cell formation: | choosing which cell to keep around |
| After maturation, the B and T cells enter the bloodstream; and travel _________ where what occurs? | to peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs where clonal selection occur |
| Clonal selection is triggered when | an antigen binds to the specific cell-surface receptors of a T and B cell. |
| This event (clonal selection) causes the lymphocyte to | proliferate rapidly, forming a clone of like cells, all bearing the same antigen-specific receptors. Then, t members of the clone differentiate to form memory cells |
| Upon subsequent meetings with the same antigen, the immune response proceeds considerably faster because | the troops are already mobilized and awaiting further orders. This is why the adaptative immune system is specific. |
| Recall lymph node distribution: | Predominate cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| Sentinel lymph nodes: | the most proximal node in the drainage pathway of a tumor |
| sentinel lymph nodes are the | first lymph nodes to receive drainage from a tumor, making them key indicators for cancer spread |
| a biopsy of these nodes help determine | if cancer has metastasized, guiding decisions on further lymph nodes removal or treatment |
| targeting only the sentinel nodes reduces | unnecessary lymph node removal, lowering the risk of complications like lymphedema |
| Lymphedema: | tissue swelling due to inability to properly drain lymph |
| Cause and mechanism of lymphedema | lymphedema occurs when lymphatic drainage is impaired: leading to fluid buildup and swelling, often due to surgery, obesity, high blood pressure, or infection |
| Symptoms and progression of lymphedema | common signs include persistent swelling, heaviness, tightness, and and increased risk of infections in the affected lung |
| Management and treatment of lymphedema | treatment includes compression therapy, lymphatic drainage massage, exercise, and in severe cases, surgical intervention |
| Stage 1 of lymphedema | asymptomatic, in which the lymphatic system experiences abnormal flow but no swelling |
| Stage 2 of lymphedema | swelling, due to an accumulation of lymph fluid that may subside when elevated |
| Stage 3 of lymphedema | permanent swelling that cannot be relieved through elevation, accompanied by changes in the skin (fibrosis) |
| Stage 4 of lymphedema | Lymphostatic elephantiasis, or the deformation of a limb due to extensive swelling, skin thickening and scarring |
| Lymphedema pitting: | refers to the presence of indentations or pits in the skin when pressure is applied |
| Maternal-Fetal blood type incompatibility: | An issue when it comes to Rh factor incompatibility |
| Rhesus factor (Rh) is | a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. It is one of the factors that determines a person’s blood type For example: AB+, AB-, O+, O- the positive of negative!!! |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis (EF): | can cause fetal anemia and even brain damage |
| Untreated EF can cause | anemia and even brain damage to newborn Likely affect second born or later Rh+ babies |
| some facts about rh shit i dont even know | First Rh+ pregnancy is generally unaffected Cross over blood during delivery builds sensitive Anti-Rh antibodies remain in the mother Residual antibodies attack Rh factors in the blood of second Rh-fetus |
| RhoGAM is | an antibody that attacks anti-Rho antibodies It is typically given as an injection during the second pregnancy (around 28 weeks) and again within 72 hours of delivery |
| Integumentary system stress-related illness | acne, rashes, irritation |
| Nervous system stress-related illness | headaches, depression, anxiety, irritability, loss of appetite, lack of motivation, reduced mental performance |
| Muscular and skeletal system stress-related illness | Muscle and joint pain, neck and shoulder pain |
| Circulatory system stress-related illness | Increased heart rate, hypertension, increased probability of heart attacks |
| Digestive system stress-related illness | Indigestions, heartburn, stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, weight gain or loss |
| Immune system stress-related illness | Depressed ability to fight infections |
| Male reproductive system stress-related illness | Lowered sperm production, impotence, reduced sexual desire |
| Female reproductive system stress-related illness | Irregular menstrual cycle, reduced sexual desire |
| psyschoneuroimmunology | interaction between the immune system, central nervous system, and the encocrine system |
| crosstalk | communication between different organ systems |
Created by:
liladdoyle